CHARACTERIZATION AND INTRINSIC DISSOLUTION RATE STUDY OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEXES OF GEMFIBROZIL

Objective: The aim of the present study was to carry out characterization and intrinsic dissolution rate study of microwave assisted inclusion complex of poorly water soluble, lipid lowering agent gemfibrozil [5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid] with naturally occurring β-cyclodextrins (CDs) or cycloheptaamylase.Methods: In this work, the phase solubility study was performed to find the ratio of drug and cyclodextrin complexes. Inclusion complexes were prepared by kneading and the prepared complex was subjected to microwave drying and conventional drying techniques. The prepared complexes were evaluated by intrinsic dissolution rate studies and equilibrium solubility study. Further characterization was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffractometry (DSC).Results: The phase solubility studies showed a linear AL-type diagram indicating the formation of inclusion complexes in 1:1 molar ratio β-CD-gemfibrozil complex with maximum stability constant of 148.88 M-1was selected for preparation of inclusion complex. The microwave dried product was identified as the inclusion complex with maximum IDR when compared to the conventional dried product.Conclusion: This study was concluded that the microwave drying is the most suitable of the previously occurring drying techniques. Since it showed the highest solubility and IDR value

Keanekaragaman Jenis Ikan Karang di Daerah Rataan dan Tubir pada Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Legon Boyo, Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, Jepara

Komunitas ikan karang merupakan bagian yang sangat penting dalam ekosistem terumbu karang, tidak hanya bagi ikan itu sendiri yang menjadikan ekosistem terumbu karang sebagai habitat vitalnya, yaitu sebagai tempat pemijahan (spawning ground), pengasuhan (nursery ground) dan mencari makan (feeding ground). Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu Untuk mengetahui keanekaragamanjenis ikan karang di daerah rataan dan tubir pada ekosistem terumbu karang di Legon Boyo Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, Jepara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran umum tentang ikan karangdi daerah rataan terumbu (reef flat) pada kedalaman 2-5 meter, maupun di daerah lereng terumbu (reef slope) pada kedalaman 6-11 meter, Legon Boyo kawasan Taman Nasional Karimunjawa. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini ada 3 tahap, yaitu (1) pengambilan data persentase penutupan karang, (2) pengamatan langsung ikan karang dengan metode sensus visual atau Visual Census Technique (VCT) belt transect dalam monitoring/penilaian sumberdaya ikan karang,(3) pengukuran kualitas air secara insitu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi habitat terumbu karang di Legon Boyo di kategorikan baik karena berada dalam kisaran 50% - 70%.Sebanyak 20 jenis ikan karang dari 10 famili ditemukan di perairan Legon Boyo, Karimunjawa yaitu: Acanthruridae, Apogonidae, Chaetodontidae, Gobidae, Mulidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Serranidae, Scaridae, Siganidae. Struktur komunitasnya termasuk dalam kategori baik dengan nilai H\u27 berkisar antara 2,183 – 2,425

Status Trofik Perairan Berdasarkan Nitrat, Fosfat, Dan Klorofil-a Di Waduk Jatibarang, Kota Semarang

Jatibarang reservoir is one of the reservoir located in Semarang which has a function as a Tourism, a source of clean water and to prevent flooding control to collect water from Kaligarang and Kreo river.. Information on the trophic status of the reservoir is very necessary for the future Management of Jatibarang reservoir. The purpose of this study was to determine the trophic status of waters by nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4) , and chlorophyll -a in the Jatibarang reservoir . The results of this study will be expected as a reference management of Jatibarang reservoir.The research was carried out on 15 to 29 March 2016, with the replication of three times with span period of one week.Determining the location of sampling in this study refers to the difference in the activity of Jatibarang reservoir area is further divided into three observation stations . Station I input area (inlet) , the second station in the middle of the reservoir waters and III stations in the output area (Outlet). Each station is done taking two sample points based on the depth of that surface and a depth of 10 meters. The results showed that the trophic status of the reservoir Jatibarang based content from nitrate and phosphate eutrophic and hypertrophic, while the views of chlorophyll-a, including oligotrophic

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and associated habits in Kashmir, India

Background: A large number of factors may influence the conditions of oral-mucosa and regulate its thresholds against reactions to external irritations and insults. External damage to the tissues may be caused by infections and or other chemical, thermal and mechanical means or there may be some genetic factors involved. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of different oral habits and habit related oral lesions among the study population in Kashmir, India.Methods: The final study sample comprised of 7000 patients visiting 2 Government Hospitals in Srinagar and Pulwama district, Kashmir, India. All the selected subjects were examined for any oral mucosal lesions. The diagnosis of the lesion was made based on history, clinical features, according to standard guidelines and color atlas.Results: Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be 8%. Smoker’s palate was the most frequently found oral lesion comprising of 33.89% followed by oral lichen planus and leukoplakia (13.55% each). Other lesions included chemical burns, erythroplakia, OSMF and lichenoid reactions. Subjects were indulged into various habits; the most prevalent being the cigarette smoking (56.46%), followed by hukka and bidi smoking and smokeless tobacco.Conclusions: The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 8% among the study sample. Subjects were associated with various deleterious habits which were found more in males than females. This study helps in public awareness about the ill effects of oral habits and may motivate them in overcoming their indulgence.

Kelimpahan Bulu Babi (Sea Urchin) Pada Karang Massive Dan Branching Di Daerah Rataan Dan Tubir Di Legon Boyo, Pulau Karimunjawa, Taman Nasional Karimunjawa

Bulu babi (sea urchin) merupakan spesies kunci bagi ekosistem terumbu karang. Menurunnya populasi bulu babi diduga akan menyebabkan matinya terumbu karang karena populasi mikroalga akan meningkat dengan drastis sehingga mikroalga akan mendominasi menutupi karang. Oleh sebab itu, dengan mengamati kelimpahan bulu babi, persentase penutupan karang, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kehidupan bulu babi dapat diketahui apakah perairan tersebut masih stabil atau telah rusak sehingga keseimbangan ekosistem di wilayah perairan tersebut dapat terjaga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan bulu babi (sea urchin) pada karang massive dan branching di daerah rataan terumbu karang dan tubir di Legon Boyo, Pulau Karimunjawa, Balai Taman Nasional Karimunjawa. Metode sampling yang digunakan dalam pengambilan data penutupan karang adalah line transek. Adapun pengambilan data kelimpahan bulu babi menggunakan kuadran transek yang berukuran 1 x 1 m. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada dua lokasi yaitu stasiun A (rataan terumbu) dan stasiun B (tubir). Panjang line transek adalah 50 meter yang di letakkan sejajar garis pantai, transek yang digunakan di daerah rataan terumbu sebanyak 3 line dan daerah tubir sebanyak 3 line. Jarak antara line di masing-masing lokasi sampling 5 m. Nilai persentase penutupan karang hidup di daerah rataan terumbu sebesar 66,36 %. Sedangkan nilai persentase penutupan karang hidup di tubir sebesar 73,00 %. Nilai tersebut termasuk dalam kategori baik. Pada rataan terumbu didapatkan kelimpahan individu bulu babi sebanyak 426 ind/150 m2, Sedangkan untuk kelimpahan individu bulu babi pada tubir yaitu sebanyak 193 ind/150 m2. Nilai signifikasi uji Independent T Test yang didapat adalah 0,008 sehingga 0,008 ≤ 0,05. Ini berarti H1 diterima yang berarti terdapat perbedaan pada jumlah bulu babi pada karang massive dan karang branching

Hubungan Kerapatan Lamun (Seagrass) dengan Kelimpahan Syngnathidae di Pulau Panggang Kepulauan Seribu

Pulau Panggang terletak di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu yang memiliki ekosistem lamun dengan cukup baik. Banyak biota yang berasosiasi dengan lamun, salah satunya famili Syngnathidae yang merupakan unsur kekayaan keanekaragaman hayati laut yang terdiri dari seahorses, pipefishes dan sea dragon. Tingginya harga pasar dan manfaat yang begitu besar bagi manusia, membuat permintaan komoditas tersebut meningkat dari waktu ke waktu sehingga mengancam kelestarian jenis tersebut di habitatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerapatan lamun, mengetahui kelimpahan famili Syngnathidae, serta mengetahui hubungan antara kerapatan lamun dengan kelimpahan famili Syngnathidae di Pulau Panggang, Kepulauan Seribu. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juni 2014 di perairan Pulau Panggang, Kepulauan Seribu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu metode observasi dengan metode samplingnya random sampling. Pengambilan sampel syngnathidae dilakukan pada ketiga stasiun lamun dengan kerapatan jarang, sedang, dan padat. Penghitungan pemetaan lamun dan kelimpahan Syngnathidae menggunakan kuadran 1m x 1m dan dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 6 jenis lamun yaitu Enhallus acoroides, Cymodoceae serulata, Thalasia hemprichii, Syringodium isoerifolium, Halodule uninervis, dan Cymodoceae rotundata. Jumlah tegakan lamun pada kerapatan jarang 6185 tegakan/ 75m2, kerapatan sedang 13429 tegakan/ 75m2, dan kerapatan padat 26920 tegakan/ 75m2. Famili syngnathidae yang didapatkan di Pulau Panggang yaitu sebanyak 3 spesies pada kerapatan padat sejumlah 10 individu/ 75m2, kerapatan sedang 6 individu/ 75m2, dan pada kerapatan jarang 3 individu/ 75m2. Hasil analisa statistika kerapatan lamun dengan kelimpahan Syngnathidae terdapat korelasi r = 0.996, menunjukan korelasi erat sehingga semakin tinggi kerapatan lamun akan diikuti oleh melimpahnya syngnathidae. Panggang Island is located in the National Park of Kepulauan Seribu that has good enough seagrass ecosystem. Many biota associated to seagrass, is Syngnathidae family is one of the elements of marine biodiversity which consists of seahorses, pipefishes, and sea dragon. The high market price and benefits to humans have made its demand commodity for this been increasing time to time, so threaten its sustainability in its habitat. This study aims to determine the density of seagrass, the abundance of family Syngnathidae as well as the relationship between the density of seagrass with the abundance of Syngnathidae family in the Panggang Island, Kepulauan Seribu. The research was conducted in May-June 2014 at Panggang Island waters, Kepulauan Seribu. The method used in this study is observation sampling using random sampling. The sampling of Syngnathidae at three stations seagrass on the difference density which are rarely, medium, and high. The calculation of seagrass mapping abundance Syngnathidae using 1m x 1m quadrant, were done in three times repetition. The results showed that there are six types of seagrass which are Enhallus acoroides, Cymodoceae serulata, Thalasia hemprichii, Syringodium isoerifolium, Halodule uninervis, and Cymodoceae rotundata. The number of seagrass stands obtained at a rarely 6185 stands/ 75m2, medium 13429/ 75m2, and high density 26920 stands/ 75m2. There are three species of Syngnathidae obtained in the Panggang Island in which at high density 10 individuals/ 75m2, at medium density 6 individuals/ 75m2, and at rarely density 3 individual/ 75m2. The result of statistical analysis showed closed correlation between seagrass density and Syngnathidae abundance with the r value of = 0.996, so that higher density of seagrass will be followed by abundance Syngnathidae