Feature parameters for a pipeline with two nearby imperfections.

<p>Feature parameters for a pipeline with two nearby imperfections.</p

Numerical research on the lateral global buckling characteristics of a high temperature and pressure pipeline with two initial imperfections - Fig 10

<p><b>The axial force of pipelines with different spacing imperfections</b>: (a) The variation of axial force along the pipeline; (b) Interaction between axial force of cross-section A and <i>S</i>/<i>L</i>₀.</p

The bending moment variation in the lateral buckling process for pipeline with two imperfections.

<p>The bending moment variation in the lateral buckling process for pipeline with two imperfections.</p

The lateral displacement variation in the lateral buckling process for pipeline with two imperfections.

<p>The lateral displacement variation in the lateral buckling process for pipeline with two imperfections.</p

Buckle-Explicit united algorithm calculation model.

<p>Buckle-Explicit united algorithm calculation model.</p

Numerical research on the lateral global buckling characteristics of a high temperature and pressure pipeline with two initial imperfections - Fig 7

<p><b>The axial force variation in the lateral buckling process for pipeline with two imperfections</b>: (a) The axial force distribution along the whole pipeline; (b) The axial force distribution of the lateral deformed.</p

The global buckling failure coefficient <i>θ</i> for models Q1-Q4.

<p>The global buckling failure coefficient <i>θ</i> for models Q1-Q4.</p

The comparison between the FEA result and the analytical result.

<p>The comparison between the FEA result and the analytical result.</p

The combinations of imperfections used in the numerical analysis.

<p>The combinations of imperfections used in the numerical analysis.</p

Numerical research on the lateral global buckling characteristics of a high temperature and pressure pipeline with two initial imperfections - Fig 11

<p><b>The bending moment of pipelines with different spacing imperfections</b>: (a) The distribution of bending moment model S1, S2; (b) The distribution of bending moment for model S3, S4; (c) The distribution of bending moment for model S5, S6 and S7 (d) The maximum bending moment vs. <i>S</i>/<i>L</i>₀.</p