Behavioral responses correlate with the number of ChR2 positive neurons.

<p>Each point represents a single mouse. For each behavior, we measured the correlation for all ChR2 mice (long lines, p<0.01 for each behavior), as well as only the ChR2-H or ChR2-L mice (short lines). <b>A</b>, The y-axis indicates the difference in the number of operant responses at the active versus inactive ports (averaged across days 6–9; see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033612#pone-0033612-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2A</a>). <b>B</b>, Head speed. <b>C</b>, Rotations. In B and C, the y-axis indicates differences between stimulation and non-stimulation periods (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033612#pone-0033612-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4B,C</a>).</p

Rasters of response times during the operant task (90 minute sessions over 18 days in each of the 6 mice that displayed high levels of operant responding).

<p>This is the same data summarized in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033612#pone-0033612-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2A,B</a>. Responses that were followed by optical stimulation are in black, and those not followed by optical stimulation are in red. Blue horizontal lines divide the acquisition and extinction periods. The two mice shown at the bottom did not undergo the extinction phase, and no histology was performed in these mice.</p

Optical stimulation promotes locomotion.

<p><b>A</b>, Following 20 minutes of habituation, there were alternating periods of 2 minutes with and without stimulation (200 ms pulses at 1 Hz), for a total of 5 periods and 10 minutes of each condition. <b>B</b>, Both head speed and <b>C</b>, number of contralateral (but not ipsilateral) rotations were greater during stimulation (white) than non-stimulation (gray) in ChR2-H mice, but not in ChR2-L or AAV- mice.</p

Expression of ChR2 in VTA dopamine neurons.

<p><b>A</b>, Positions of viral injections in a coronal section of ventral midbrain (−3.28 mm from bregma). All injections were found to be within 0.06 mm rostral or caudal of this section. Each dot represents the injection site for an individual mouse (red circles for ChR2-H mice, black circles for ChR2-L mice, and blue triangles for AAV- mice). Vertical scale bar at right: 0.5 mm. <b>B</b>, Top, ChR2-tdTomato (red) colocalized with TH immunostaining (green) as shown in the overlay at right (yellow). Bottom, ChR2-tdTomato expression was not observed in another mouse. The center of these images corresponds to the ‘X’ marks in ‘A.’ Inset scale bars: 0.15 mm. <b>C</b>, Number of TH+ and ChR2+ neurons in each mouse. Based upon these results, mice were categorized as “ChR2-H” (red) or “ChR2-L” (black).</p

Enhancement of Ferroelectricity for Orthorhombic (Tb_0.861Mn_0.121)MnO_3−δ by Copper Doping

Copper-doped (Tb_0.861Mn_0.121)­MnO_3−δ has been synthesized by the conventional solid state reaction method. X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction data indicate that they crystallize in <i>Pnma</i> space group at room temperature. Two magnetic orderings are found for this series by neutron diffraction. One is the ICAM (incommensurate canted antiferromagnetic) ordering of Mn with a wave vector <i>q</i>_Mn = (∼0.283, 0, 0) with <i>a</i> ≈ 5.73 Å, <i>b</i> ≈ 5.31 Å, and <i>c</i> ≈ 7.41 Å, and the other is the CAM (canted antiferromagnetic) ordering of both Tb and Mn in the magnetic space group <i>Pn</i>′<i>a2</i>₁′ with <i>a</i> ≈ 5.73 Å, <i>b</i> ≈ 5.31 Å, and <i>c</i> ≈ 7.41 Å. A dielectric peak around 40 K is found for the samples doped with Cu, which is higher than that for orthorhombic TbMnO₃