3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Exhibit Heightened Monocyte-Chemoattractant Protein-1 Response to Acute Fatty Acid Exposure

<div><p>Preadipocytes contribute to the inflammatory responses within adipose tissue. Whilst fatty acids are known to elicit an inflammatory response within adipose tissue, the relative contribution of preadipocytes and mature adipocytes to this is yet to be determined. We aimed to examine the actions of common dietary fatty acids on the acute inflammatory and adipokine response in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiated mature adipocytes. Gene expression levels of key adipokines in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes were determined following incubation with palmitic acid, myristic acid or oleic acid and positive inflammatory control, lipopolysaccharide for 2 and 4 h. Inflammatory kinase signalling was assessed by analysis of nuclear factor-κB, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-jun amino-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Under basal conditions, intracellular monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 gene expression levels were increased in preadipocytes, whereas mature adipocytes expressed increased gene expression levels of leptin and adiponectin. Fatty acid exposure at 2 and 4 h increased both monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 gene expression levels in preadipocytes to greater levels than in mature adipocytes. There was an accompanying increase of inhibitor of κB-α degradation and nuclear factor-κB (p65) (Ser536) phosphorylation with fatty acid exposure in the preadipocytes only. The current study points to preadipocytes rather than the adipocytes as the contributors to both immune cell recruitment and inflammatory adipokine secretion with acute increases in fatty acids.</p></div

TNFα mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes.

<p>TNFα mRNA expression of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (hatched bars) and adipocytes (open bars) treated with (A) LPS (10 ng/ml); (B) Palmitic acid (0.5 mM); (C) Myristic acid (0.5 mM); and (D) Oleic acid (0.5 mM) at 0, 2 and 4 h. Data are presented as mean ±SEM (<i>n</i> = 5) normalised to 36B4. *** p&lt;0.001 versus preadipocytes, ^## p&lt;0.01 versus 0 h. Main cell type effect C p&lt;0.05, CC p&lt;0.01.</p

MCP-1 mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes.

<p>MCP-1 gene expression levels of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (hatched bars) and adipocytes (open bars) treated with (A) LPS (10 ng/ml); (B) Palmitic acid (0.51 mM); (C) Myristic acid (0.5 mM); and (D) Oleic acid (0.5 mM) at 0, 2 and 4 h. Data are presented as mean ±SEM (<i>n</i> = 5) normalised to 36B4. ** p&lt;0.01, *** p&lt;0.001 versus preadipocytes, ^## p&lt;0.01, ^### p&lt;0.001 versus 0 h. Main time effect T p&lt;0.05, main cell type effect CC p&lt;0.01.</p

IL-6 mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes.

<p>IL-6 gene expression levels of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (hatched bars) and adipocytes (open bars) treated with (A) LPS (10 ng/ml); (B) Palmitic acid (0.5 mM); (C) Myristic acid (0.5 mM); and (D) Oleic acid (0.5 mM) at 0, 2 and 4 h. Data are presented as mean ±SEM (<i>n</i> = 5) normalised to 36B4. *** p&lt;0.001 versus preadipocytes, ^# p&lt;0.05, ^## p&lt;0.01, ^### p&lt;0.001 versus 0 h. Main time effect T p&lt;0.05.</p

Representative immunoblots of MAPK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mature adipocytes.

<p>3T3-L1 cells were treated with LPS (10 ng/ml); Palmitic acid (0.5 mM); Myristic acid (0.5 mM); and Oleic acid (0.5 mM) for 0, 1 and 2 h. Phosphorylation levels of p38 (Thr180/Tyr182) relative to total p38; and phosphor-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185) relative to total JNK were measured by Western blot analysis in 3T3-L1 (A) preadipocytes and (B) mature adipocytes (n = 5).</p

Do marine algal polyphenols have antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic or anti-inflammatory effects in humans? A systematic review

<p>Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Marine algal polyphenols have potential to reduce the risk of these conditions, however, little is known about their impact in humans. This systematic review investigates the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of marine polyphenols in humans. Scopus, Medline, PsychInfo, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched in November 2016. Eligible studies included (1) human adults, (2) marine polyphenol intervention, (3) blood lipid, glucose, insulin or inflammatory marker outcomes, and (4) were a randomized-controlled trial. One postprandial cross-over trial and four parallel design trials were included involving 271 adults. Analysis across studies was performed using Cohen's <i>d</i> effect sizes. Supplementation with polyphenol-rich extracts had small-to-medium positive effects on fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol; however, there is inadequate evidence as yet to confirm if these are consistent effects. Further randomized-controlled trials should investigate polyphenols from <i>Ecklonia cava</i> and other macroalgal sources, to determine if there is a role for marine polyphenols in reducing the risk factors of chronic disease in humans.</p> <p>(PROSPERO registration number CRD42015016890)</p