HIV and HSV-2 incidence and associations with socio-demographic, behavioural and biological factors, among women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

<p>RR = incidence rate ratio, CI = confidence interval. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-WHO1" target="_blank">[1]</a> Numbers may not add up to total due to missing data. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-National1" target="_blank">[2]</a> P-values from likelihood ratio test. The ORs for town are adjusted for age, and the ORs for age are adjusted for town. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Tanzania1" target="_blank">[3]</a> Estimated RRs adjusted for town, age, marital status and time-updated number of partners in last 3 months (the adjusted results for these variables are shown in bold). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-WatsonJones1" target="_blank">[4]</a> Estimated RRs adjusted for town, age, education and marital status (the adjusted results for these variables are shown in bold). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Vallely1" target="_blank">[5]</a> Other hormonal contraceptives grouped with pill, due to low numbers. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Kapiga1" target="_blank">[6]</a> Results for syphilis, <i>T. vaginalis</i> (diagnosed by 72-hour culture) and bacterial vaginosis (diagnosed by Nugent criteria) not available for vaccines-preparedness cohort.</p

HSV-2 seroprevalence at enrolment and associations with socio-demographic, sexual behaviour and biological characteristics, among women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

<p>OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. Includes only those women whose HSV-2 status is known at enrolment (all but two). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-WHO1" target="_blank">[1]</a> Numbers may not add up to total due to missing data. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-National1" target="_blank">[2]</a> P-values from likelihood ratio test. The ORs for town are adjusted for age, and the ORs for age are adjusted for town. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Tanzania1" target="_blank">[3]</a> Estimated ORs adjusted by town, age, job, education, CAGE category, age at first sex, number of partners in lifetime, genital ulcers on examination and ever pregnant (the adjusted results for these variables are shown in bold). While there was strong evidence of an association between HSV-2 prevalence and syphilis, this factor was not included in the fully-adjusted model, since it was only measured in the microbicides- and not the vaccines-preparedness cohort. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-WatsonJones1" target="_blank">[4]</a> Based on responses to four CAGE questions. Score based on the number of positive answers: 0–1 = non-drinker or no problem drinking, 2 = possible problem drinking, ≥3 = probable problem drinking. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Vallely1" target="_blank">[5]</a> Based on responses to 10 AUDIT questions. Scores based on responses to each question: 0–7 non-drinker or low-risk, ≥8 harmful or hazardous drinking. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Kapiga1" target="_blank">[6]</a> Results for syphilis, <i>T. vaginalis</i> (diagnosed by 72-hour culture) and bacterial vaginosis (diagnosed by Nugent criteria) not available for vaccines-preparedness cohort.</p

Screening, enrolment and follow-up of two cohorts of women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

<p>P-values are for the comparison in enrolment (of those screened) or attendance (of those enrolled) between the cohorts, by Χ² test. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-WHO1" target="_blank">[1]</a> Some women met more than one ineligibility criteria; all reasons given are reported, therefore the sum is greater than the number of women not enrolled. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-National1" target="_blank">[2]</a> A window of +/−1.5 months was allowed for each visit, except the month 12 visit where no upper bound was applied (maximum 23 months). Restricting the upper limit of the month 12 visit to 13.5, 15 or 18 months yielded attendance of 81%, 84% and 86%, respectively.</p

HIV prevalence at screening and associations with socio-demographic and sexual behaviour characteristics, among women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

<p>OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. Includes only those women whose HIV status is known at screening (85% of cohort). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-WHO1" target="_blank">[1]</a> Numbers may not add up to total due to missing data. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-National1" target="_blank">[2]</a> P-values from likelihood ratio test. The ORs for town are adjusted for age, and the ORs for age are adjusted for town. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068825#pone.0068825-Tanzania1" target="_blank">[3]</a> Estimated ORs adjusted by town, age, type of job, education and marital status (the adjusted results for these variables are shown in bold).</p

Map of the study areas in northern Tanzania.

<p>Created using StatSilk (2013; StatPlanet: Interactive Data Visualization and Mapping Software. <a href="http://www.statsilk.com" target="_blank">http://www.statsilk.com</a>).</p

pol gene analysis tree.

<p>Results are presented for the 136 sequences which passed for phylogenetic analysis.</p

Participant characteristics by cohort.

<p>%) for categorical variables and median [interquartile range] for continuous variables. Percentages are of non-missing values. Results are n (</p><p>[1] HIV seroconverters defined as those with ≤36 months between last negative and first positive test dates.</p><p>[2] P-value omitted since differences are by design.</p><p>[3]Including food preparation, <i>mamalishe</i> and bar work.</p><p>[4] Lower limit of detection was 300 copies/ml, except for the 10 subsequent seroconverters, where the lower limit of detection was 75 copies/ml.</p><p>[5] Imputed as half the lower limit of detection, for those with undetectable HIV VL.</p><p>[6] Comparing categories split by the overall median.</p

Subtypes by participant characteristics.

<p>Results are n (%) for categorical variables and median [interquartile range] for continuous variables. Percentages are of non-missing values. URF = unique recombinant form.</p><p>[1] P-value from Χ² test.</p><p>[2] HIV seroconverters defined as those with ≤36 months between known last negative and first positive test dates.</p><p>[3] Including food preparation, <i>mamalishe</i> and bar work.</p><p>[4] Imputed as half the lower limit of detection (300 copies/ml, except for the 10 subsequent seroconverters, where the lower limit of detection was 75 copies/ml), for those with undetectable HIV VL. Median is as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0081848#pone-0081848-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> (4.5 log₁₀ copies/ml).</p

Study-, age- and sex-adjusted associations between subtype and participant characteristics.

<p>[1] P-value from likelihood ratio test, relative to model with study, age and sex only.</p><p>[2] HIV seroconverters defined as those with ≤36 months between last negative and first positive test dates.</p><p>[3] Including food preparation, <i>mamalishe</i> and bar work.</p><p>[4] Only 33% of men reported the number of lifetime partners, so it was not possible to fit a model with both sex and number of lifetime partners, therefore the results reported are study- and age-adjusted only (and compared to model with study and age only).</p><p>[5] Imputed as half the lower limit of detection (300 copies/ml, except the 10 subsequent seroconverters, where the lower limit of detection was 75 copies/ml), for those with undetectable HIV VL.</p