CSF biochemical values from subjects with CNS infections and peripheral infections.

<p>*Significant values were observed in Total Group 1 vs Total Group 2 (U-Mann Whitney test). The data for the CSF variables are shown as median and range in brackets. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, WBC: white blood cells.</p

Representation of the 606 neurological patients in the clinical groups.

<p>Each group shows the percentage of patients with high CSF WBC, high CSF proteins and high CSF neopterin. The inflammatory/immune-mediated group had a significantly elevated percentage of high CSF WBC (^*X² = 27.91, p<0.001), high CSF proteins (^ΨX² = 17.51, p<0.001) and high CSF NP (^ΦX² = 103.73, p<0.001) compared with the other groups.</p

ROC curve to determine the new CSF neopterin cut-off.

<p>The samples were classified into two groups according to the condition that they presented either bacterial/viral central infection (n = 68) or peripheral infection (n = 52). The area under the curve was 0.934 (range: 0.883–0.985) with 61 nmol/l as the new cut-off. The sensitivity was 91.3%, and the specificity was 88.5%.</p

Patients with CSF neopterin levels below 61/l (n = 550).

<p>Out of 550 patients with CSF neopterin levels below 61 nmol/l, 68 patients had altered CSF proteins, and nine had altered CSF leucocytes. CSF NP: cerebrospinal fluid neopterin. The results are shown as the median and interval in brackets.</p

Patients with CSF neopterin levels above 61/l (n = 56).

<p>*Inflammatory/immune-mediated group had significantly elevated CSF neopterin (X² = 35.01, p<0.001), CSF proteins (X² = 12.71, p = 0.002) and CSF leukocytes (X² = 6.23, p = 0.044) compared with the other groups. Moreover, up to 69.6% of the patients more frequently had CSF NP>61 nmol/L. Out of 56 patients with a CSF neopterin level above 61 nmol/l, 13 patients had altered CSF proteins and four had altered CSF leucocytes.</p><p>AGS: Aicardi-Goutières syndrome; ARCI: arthrogryposis, renal tubular dysfunction, cholestasis, ichthyosis syndrome; anti-NMDA encephalitis: anti-(N-methyl D-aspartate) receptor encephalitis; CINCA: chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular syndrome; VLCAD: very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; CSF NP: cerebrospinal fluid neopterin; WBC: white blood cells. Dist: disturbances. The results are shown as the median and interval in brackets.</p

NKCC1 and KCC2 Cotransporters in the CSF of Rett Syndrome (RTT) Patients and Controls.

<p>(A) Immunoblot results in RTT patients and controls. Numbers refer to the patient ID numbers of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068851#pone-0068851-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. Comparison of patients and age matched controls. (B) Mean Optic Densities of NKCC1 and KCC2 Cotransporter Proteins for Rett Patients and Controls suggesting discrepant cotransporter levels between Patients and Controls supported by the respective MANCOVA (<i>F</i> (1, 73) = 6.99, <i>p</i><.01, <i>η_p²</i> = .087). Error bars represent 95% Confidence Interval. *<i>p</i><.01.</p

Clinical and laboratory features of Rett Syndrome patients included in the study.

<p>DEL: Deletion. LP: Lumbar Puncture. AED: Anti epileptic drugs. VPA: Valproic Acid. CBZ: Carbamazepine. LEV: Levetiracetam. TPM: Topiramate.</p

Cation Chloride Cotransporters ratio.

<p>(A) Immunoblot analysis of NKCC1 and KCC2. (B) Scatterplot of the relationship between Cotrasporters ratio (KCC2/NKCC1) and age for Rett Patients and Controls. Lines show a LOWESS smooth (locally-weighted polynomial regression - nonparametric smooth) suggesting a discrepant cotransporter ratio between Patients and Controls supported by the respective ANCOVA (<i>F</i> (1, 70) = 30.08, <i>p</i> = .001, <i>η_p²</i> = .29). (C) Boxplot of Cotransporters ratio (KCC2/NKCC1) for Rett Patients and Controls (males and females). <i>*p</i> = 0.001.</p