EVAULATION OF RABBIT

Uzgoj kunića ima višestruki privredni i sportski značaj, kao i za hobi aktivnost. Vrijednost uspjeha svakog uzgajivača očituje se u uzgoju ljubimca i njegovog izlaganja na različitim izložbama gdje se vrši ocjenjivanje. Osnovica ocjenjivanja može biti izgled ili natjecateljski rezultati. Ocjenjivanje se vrši prema vanjskom izgledu životinje (fenotipu) imajući u vidu osobine određene pasmine propisane standardom, s ciljem unapređenja uzgojno – sportskih vrijednosti. Iako ima dovoljno objašnjenja o ovoj tematici u vidu različitih izvora informiranja, postoje nejasnoće pri ocjenjivanju. U radu su detaljno objašnjene pozicije kod ocjenjivanja, te predstavlja stručni doprinos i pregled širem krugu zainteresiranih uzgajivača, stručnjaka praktičara i ljubitelja kunića.Breeding rabbit has multiple significance by the hobby, a sport and a economic. The value of the success of every breeder is reflected in the growing pet and its exposure to the various exhibitions where it is being assessment. The basis of assessment may be appearance or competition results. The evaluation is carried out according to the external appearance of animals (phenotype) taking into account the characteristics of certain breeds of prescribed standards, with the aim of improving breeding - sporting value. Although there is enough explanation on this subject in the form of different sources of information, there is uncertainty in the assessment. The paper explained in detail the position in the assessment, as well as a scientific contribution to the review of a wider range of interested farmers, practitioners and owner pet of rabbits.

Učinci testne mješavine i komercijalnog probiotika na proizvodna svojstva brojlera

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of test mixture or probiotic addition to drinking water on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500 chickens were distributed into three groups with eight replicates in each (10 chickens in each replicate). The control group of chickens (C) were without treatment. The chickens in experimental group E1 were treated with the commercial probiotic Probios® and the chickens in experimental group E2 were treated with the test mixture (Lactobacillus acidophilus culture, inactivated baker’s yeast, C vitamin, lactose and glucose) prepared using the authors’ own recipe. Treatments of chickens were conducted during the first three days of life and for three days using the chickens’ vaccination drinking water. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Feed and water were offered ad libitum during the experiment. Body weight, daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass weight, carcass yield and European production index (EPI) were studied in this experiment. The addition of the experimental probiotic significantly increased (P<0.05) body weight gain at 21, 35 and 42 days of age, however, the probiotic Probios® improved body weight gain over the same period without any significant difference compared to the control group. FCR was significantly improved at 21 and 35 days of age in both E1 and E2 groups, but at the end of fattening the FCR was not affected. Feed consumption was not influenced by the treatments. The results obtained indicate that carcass weight significantly increased (P<0.05) in the groups of chickens treated by the test mixture or probiotic. It was concluded that addition of test mixture or probiotic improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and EPI.Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati učinke dodatka testne mješavine ili probiotika u vodi za piće na proizvodna svojstva brojlerskih pilića. Ukupno 240 jednodnevnih pilića Cobb 500 podijeljeno je u tri skupine, i to po osam ponavljanja u svakoj skupini (10 pilića u svakom ponavljanju). Kontrolna skupina pilića (K) bila je bez tretmana. Pilići u pokusnoj skupini E1 tretirani su komercijalnim probiotikom Probios®, a pilići u pokusnoj skupini E2 testnom mješavinom (kultura Lactobacillus acidophilus, inaktivirani pekarski kvasac, vitamin C, laktoza i glukoza) pripremljenom prema vlastitoj recepturi. Tretman pilića provodio se prva tri dana života i trodnevno, pri cijepljenju pilića, u vodi za piće. Pokus je trajao 42 dana. Tijekom pokusnog razdoblja pilići su dobivali hranu i vodu ad libitum. Analizirani su tjelesna masa, konzumacija hrane, prirast tjelesne mase, konverzija hrane, masa trupa, randman mesa i proizvodni indeks (European Production Index, EPI). Dodavanjem testne mješavine znakovito je povećana tjelesna masa pilića u dobi od 21, 35 i 42 dana (P < 0,05). U istom je razdoblju dodatkom probiotika Probios® tjelesna masa pilića neznakovito poboljšana u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Konverzija hrane znakovito je poboljšana u dobi od 21 i 35 dana u skupinama E1 i E2, ali bez učinka tretmana na kraju tova. Probiotski tretman nije utjecao na konzumaciju hrane. Pilići tretirani testnom mješavinom ili probiotikom ostvarili su znakovito veću masu trupa na kraju tova. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da dodatak testne mješavine ili probiotika poboljšava prirast tjelesne mase, konverziju hrane, masu trupa i proizvodni indeks (EPI)

DIFFERENT HATCHING EGGS DISINFECTION INFLUENCE ON HATCHABILITY

U suvremenoj praksi peradarske proizvodnje pod pojmom sanitarni tretman rasplodnih jaja podrazumijeva se samo profilaktička dezinfekcija rasplodnih jaja koja prethodno moraju biti odabrana i tretirana po jasno utvrđenom redoslijedu tehnoloških tretmana. Širom svijeta se provode brojna istraživanja u cilju pronalaženja novih, alternativnih sredstava koja će, uz zadržavanje neospornih pozitivnih učinaka primjene formalina i formaldehida, biti bez navedenih negativnih svojstava i čija eventualna upotreba u sanitarnom tretmanu rasplodnih jaja neće biti štetna po zdravlje ljudi. Sanitarni tretman rasplodnih jaja u našim istraživanjima realiziran je na tri način: parama formaldehida, ultravioletnim zrakama i primjenom kombinacije ultravioletnih zraka s negativnim ionima. Najbolji rezultati valenja - 79,73% - utvrđeni su kod kombiniranog sanitarnog tretmana, slijedi prosječna valivost od 74,14% iz rasplodnih jaja tretiranih ultravioletnim zracima, a najniža - 70,52% - nakon fumigacije parama formaldehida. Posebno raduje činjenica da je kombinirana primjena ultravioletnih zraka i negativnih iona kao moguća zamjena za fumigaciju jaja parama formaldehida pokazala proizvodnu opravdanost i značajno manji rizik primjene po zdravlje ljudi te neosporne tehnološke prednosti.Sanitary treatment of the hatching eggs in the modern poultry production facilities has the meaning of the prophylactic disinfection of the eggs previously selected and treated according to the clearly established sequence of the technological treatments. Numerous researches are conducted worldwide aiming to discover new, alternative means, that would maintain indisputable positive effects of formalin and formaldehyde but which would be free of the above-mentioned negative characteristics and the use of which would not be detrimental to the humans’ health. In our research, three different sanitary treatments were used: the formaldehyde steam, the ultraviolet rays and the combination of the ultraviolet rays with the negative ions. The best hatching rate of 79,73%, was recorded in the combined treatment, average rate of 74,14% after the application of the U.V. rays and the worst rate of 70,52% after the formaldehyde fumigation. Combined treatment of the hatching eggs with the ultraviolet rays and the negative ions has the most favorable expenditure structure for the price forming for the hatching eggs and one-day broiler chicken. Especially encouraging is that the combined use of the ultraviolet rays and negative ions as a possible substitution for formaldehyde fumigation proved to be economically and otherwise justified. The most important aspect is the significant risk decrease for humans’ health and indisputable hygienic and technological advantages

Minerali u ovčjem siru

The indigenous Travnik (Vlasic) cheese is produced in central Bosnia in the area of Mt. Vlasic. This cheese belongs to the group of white soft cheeses, ripened in brine under anaerobic conditions, and made from raw, thermally untreated sheep’s milk. The production technology is very simple and is adapted to mountainous conditions. Cheese is an important source of essential nutrients, in particular proteins, fat, vitamins and minerals. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of macroelements (Ca, Na, K, Mg, P) and microelements (Zn, Fe, Cu) in 15 samples of Travnik sheep cheese using the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV-VIS) methods. A tendency of increasing Mg and K, Fe and Ca, Fe and Mg, and Fe and P was determined in the examined samples, but without statistical significance. The correlation coefficient values showed statistical validity at the level of high significance of differences (P<0.01).Autohtoni travnički (vlašički) se sir proizvodi u planinskom području centralne Bosne na planini Vlašić. Ovaj sir pripada skupini bijelih mekih sireva koji zriju u salamuri u anaerobnim uvjetima, proizvedeni od sirovog, termički neobrađenog ovčjeg mlijeka. Tehnologija proizvodnje je vrlo jednostavna i odgovara uvjetima proizvodnje u planinskim područjima. Sir je bogat izvor esencijalnih hranjivih sastojaka, posebice proteina, masti, vitamina i minerala. Cilj ovog istraživanja je određivanje koncentracija makro elemenata (Ca, Na, K, Mg, P) i mikro elemenata (Zn, Fe, Cu) u 15 uzoraka autohtonog ovčjeg sira tehnikom atomsko apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom (engl. Atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS) i spektrometrijom ultraljubičastim zrakama (engl. Ultravioletvisible spectrometry, UV-VIS). Tendencija povećanja Mg i K, Fe i Ca, Fe i Mg te Fe i P ustvrđena je u uzorku ispitivanog sira, ali bez statističke značajnosti. Vrijednosti koeficijenta korelacije pokazale su statističku značajnost na razini velike značajnosti razlika (P<0,01)

INCUBATION COST VARIABILITY AT DIFFERENT SANITARY TREATMENTS OF HATCHING POULTRY EGGS

Krajnji uspjeh rada jedne valionice ovisi, uz ostalo, od fiksnih i varijabilnih troškova inkubacije nastalih u procesu proizvodnje jednodnevnih pilića. S tim u vezi, cilj istraživanja bio je provjera primjenjivosti ekstremnih ultravioletnih zraka i negativnih iona u proizvodnoj praksi valionice brojlerskih pilića kao alternativnih sredstava sanitarnog tretmana rasplodnih jaja te usporedbom s konvencinalnim načinom sanitarnog tretmana parama formaldehida (kontrolni tretman)utvrditi njihovu ekonomsku opravdanost izraženu kroz varijabilne troškove inkubacije. Varijabilni troškovi sanitarnog tretmana 16500 rasplodnih jaja kroz četiri eksperimentalna ciklusa inkubacije parama formaldehida, ultravioletnim zrakama te kombiniranog tretmana negativnim ionima i ultravioletnim zrakama iznosili su 308,88 KM, 60,44 KM odnosno 106,80 KM.U usporedbi s referentnim tretmanom parama formaldehida udio varijabilnih troškova u cijeni jednodnevnog pileta iznosio je 18,72% kod primjene ultravioletnih zraka, te 30,76% kod kombinirane primjene ultravioletnih zraka prije početka inkubacije i primjene negativnih iona u predvalioniku, kontinuirano tokom prvih 18 dana inkubacije. Kroz dobre ekonomske pokazatelje validirani su i potvrđeni dobri higijenski te proizvodni učinci alternativnih načina sanitarnih tretmana rasplodnih jaja peradi u proizvodnim uvjetima. Kombinirana primjena ultravioletnih zraka i negativnih iona kao zamjena za fumigaciju rasplodnih jaja peradi parama formaldehida ima ekonomsku, ali i svaku drugu opravdanost.The ultimate success of a hatchery depends, among other factors, on the fixed and variable costs of incubation incurred in the production of day-old chickens. In this regard, the objective ofthe research was to check the applicability of the extreme ultraviolet rays and negative ions in the production practice of the broiler chicken hatchery, as the alternative means of the hatching egg sanitary treatment and, by comparison with the conventional sanitary treatment by formaldehyde vapors (control treatment), their economic justification expressed as variable costs of incubation. Variable costs of the sanitary treatment for 16,500 hatching eggs, through four experimental incubation cycles, with formaldehyde vapors, ultraviolet rays and the combined treatment with negative ions and ultraviolet rays were 157.93 €, 30.90 € and 54.60 €, respectively.Compared with the reference treatment by formaldehyde vapors, the share of variable costs for the experimental treatment in the price of one-day chicken was 18.72% when using ultraviolet rays and 30.76% for the combined use of ultraviolet rays before the start of incubation and application of negative ions in the incubator continuously during the first 18 days of incubation.Using positive economic indicators, good hygienic and production effects of the alternative sanitary treatments of the poultry hatching eggs were validated and confirmed in production conditions. Combined application of ultraviolet rays and negative ions as a substitute for formaldehyde vapor fumigation of the poultry hatching eggs has both economic and every other justification

EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BROILER CHICKS

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj dodatka komercijalnog (Probios®) i pokusnog (kultura Lactobacillus acidophilus izolirana iz acidofilnog mlijeka, inaktivirani pekarski kvasac, vitamin C i laktoza) probiotskog preparata putem vode za piće na imunosni odgovor protiv gumborske bolesti kod tovnih pilića. Istraživanja su provedena na 105 jednodnevnih pilića provenijence Cobb 500 podijeljenih u tri skupine (dvije pokusne i jedna kontrolna skupina). Probiotski tretman obje pokusne skupine pilića bio je prva tri dana života i trodnevno pri vakciniranju pilića protiv njukaslske i gumborske bolesti te infektivnog brohitisa (dan prije, na dan i dan nakon vakciniranja). Tijekom pokusa pilići su vakcinirani prema programu imunoprofilakse koji je načinjen u skladu s titrom kongenitalnih protutijela. Kontrolom imunosnog odgovora protiv gumborske bolesti kod pilića u dobi od 28 i 42 dana utvrđene su veće, odnosno značajno (p<0,05) veće srednje vrijednosti titra protutijela kod pilića pokusne P2 odnosno P1 skupine u usporedbi s vrijednostima kontrolne K skupine. Istovremeno, statistička značajnost razlika srednjih vrijednosti titra protutijela između pokusnih skupina nije utvrđena.The aim of the study was to examine the effect of commercial (Probios ®) and experimental (the culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from acidophilus milk, inactivated bakers’ yeast, vitamin C and lactose) probiotic preparations through drinking water on the immune response against Gumboro disease in broiler chickens. Research was conducted on 105/day old Cobb 500 chicks divided into three groups (two experimental and one control group). Probiotic treatments of experimental groups of chickens were the first three days of life and three days during the vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease, Gumboro disease and Infectious bronchitis (the day before, on the day of and the day after vaccination). During the experiment chickens were vaccinated under the program of immunoprophylaxis, made in accordance with congenital antibody titres. By controlling the immune response against Gumboro disease in chickens at the age of 28 and 42 days higher and significantly (p <0.05) higher mean antibody titers were found in experimental P2 and P1 groups compared with control K group, respectively. In the same time, statistically significant differences in mean values of antibody titers between the experimental groups were not determined

Effect of commercial and experimental probiotics on immune response to Infectious Bursal Disease vaccination in broiler chickens

Istraživanje je provedeno da bi se ispitao utjecaj dodatka probiotika u vodi za piće na imunosni odgovor protiv virusa zarazne bolesti burze pilića u tovu. Ukupno 240 jednodnevnih pilića Cobb 500 provenijence nasumice su podijeljeni u tri skupine i to dvije ogledne (P i P ) i jednu kontrolnu (K) titru kongenitalnih protutijela. Kontrolom seruma pilića u dobi od 21 dan srednja vrijednost titra protutijela u sve tri skupine pilića bila je ujednačena. Međutim, u dobi od 33 dana ustvrđene su značajno (P<0,05) veće srednje vrijednosti titra protutijela u pilića oglednih skupina u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Statistička značajnost razlika srednje vrijednosti titra protutijela potvrđena je i između oglednih skupina u korist skupine P1 u kojoj su pilići dobivali komercijalni probiotik Probios®. Pri kontroli seruma na kraju tova, 42. dana, značajno (P<0,05) veću srednju vrijednost titra protutijela imali su pilići kojima je davan komercijalni probiotik Probios®. U plića iz skupine tretirane pokusnim probiotikom ustvrđena je veća vrijednost protutijela bez statističke značajnosti razlika, u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom.The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotics in drinking water on the immune response against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in broiler chickens. A total of 240 one day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into three groups. Two groups (P1 and P2) were experimental and one was control (K), each with eight replicate pens of ten chicks. Chicks of the P1 group were given the commercial probiotic Probios®, soluble poultry powder (Chr. HANSEN A/S, Denmark) and chicks of the P2 group were given an experimental probiotic prepared according to an original recipe. Chicks of the control group received no treatment. Probiotic treatment was given to the experimental groups during the first three days of life and for three days during the vaccination of chicks. During the experiment, chicks were vaccinated at 14 days of age against IBDV with the TAD GUMBORO® vaccine in accordance with congenital antibody titers. Controlling the immune response against IBDV at 21 days of age, the mean value of the antibody titer was uniform in all three groups of chicks. However, at 33 days of age, a significantly (P<0.05) higher mean antibody titre was found in chicks of the experimental groups compared to the control. Statistically significant differences in mean values of the antibody titers were also confirmed among the experimental groups in favour of the P1 group. At 42 days of age, at the end of the fattening period, chicks treated with the commercial probiotic Probios® (P1) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher antibody titres than the control. A higher antibody value was determined in chicks from the group treated with experimental probiotics, but without statistical significance compared to the control group

Evaluation of west nile virus diagnostic capacities in veterinary laboratories of the mediterranean and black sea regions

The increasing incidence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Euro-Mediterranean area warrants the implementation of effective surveillance programs in animals. A crucial step in the fight against the disease is the evaluation of the capacity of the veterinary labs to accurately detect the infection in animal populations. In this context, the animal virology network of the MediLabSecure project organized an external quality assessment (EQA) to evaluate the WNV molecular and serological diagnostic capacities of beneficiary veterinary labs. Laboratories from 17 Mediterranean and Black Sea countries participated. The results of the triplex real time RT-PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of WNV lineage 1 (L1), lineage 2 (L2) and Usutu virus (USUV) were highly satisfactory, especially for L1 and L2, with detection rates of 97.9% and 100%, respectively. For USUV, 75% of the labs reported correct results. More limitations were observed for the generic detection of flaviviruses using conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), since only 46.1% reported correct results in the whole panel. As regards the serological panel, the results were excellent for the generic detection of WNV antibodies. More variability was observed for the specific detection of IgM antibodies with a higher percentage of incorrect results mainly in samples with low titers. This EQA provides a good overview of the WNV (and USUV) diagnostic performance of the involved veterinary labs and demonstrates that the implemented training program was successful in upgrading their diagnostic capacities

THE EFFECT OF BLACK SEED OIL (NIGELLA SATIVA) ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BROILERS

Dugogodišnje korištenja antibiotika u intenzivnoj peradarskoj proizvodnji, bilo kao stimulatora rasta ili u prevenciji oboljenja, rezultiralo je odlaganjem rezidua u jajima i mesu peradi, te pojavi bakterija specifično rezistentnih na antibiotike. Iz navedenih razloga širom svijetu je uočljiv trend zabrane upotrebe pojedinih antibiotika u nutritivne ili profilaktičke svrhe, uz istovremeno traženje alternativnih i neškodljivih sredstava za zamjenu. Sjeme, odnosno ulje iz sjemena uzgojene crnjike (Nigella sativa seed oil) koristi se kao prirodni lijek preko 2000 godina. Ova jednogodišnja biljka pripada familiji Ranunculacea, a uspijeva na području Mediterana te Južne i Centralne Azije. Danas se uzgaja i u Istočnoj Europi. Rezultati jednog broja istraživanja sugeriraju da hladno cijeđeno ulje uzgojene crnjike ima antibakterijsko, antivirusno, antioksidativno, imunopotentno i hepatoprotektivno svojstvo. Prisutnost velikog broja esencijalnih nutrijenata i raznovrsnost farmakoloških aktivnih supstancija čine ga potencijalno interesantnim za korištenje u obrocima za perad. U našim preliminarnim istraživanjima ispitivan je učinak dodataka ulja uzgojene crnjike na imuni odziv pilića. Ukupno 40 pilića provenijence Cobb 500, podijeljeno je u dvije skupine (pokusna i kontrolna). Obje skupine pilića su vakcinirane prema utvrđenom programu imunoprofilakse, a pilići iz pokusne skupine tretirani su peroralno (0,025gr/po piletu) uljem crnjike svakodnevno tijekom tova. Kontrola postvakcinalnog imuniteta protiv njukaslske i gamborske bolesti testirana je kod pilića u dobi od 25, 32 i 39 dana.Antibiotics have been used for many years in intensive poultry production as growth promoters, and in disease prevention, but the results are residues in eggs and poultry meat and bacteria resistant to specific antibiotics. Therefore, certain antibiotics are prohibited at the same time searching for substitute antibiotics. Black seed oil has been used as natural drug over 2000 years. Nigella sativa belongs to the Ranunculacea family, it is an annual plant cultivated in the Mediterranean area, South and Central Asia, but also in East Europe. Studies indicate that black seed oil has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidative, immune-potent and hepato-protective activities. Black seed oil contains a big range of essential nutrities and diversity of pharmacological active substances, so it is suitable as an additive in poultry diet. In our experimental research, the effect of black seed oil on the immune response of broilers was investigated. Total number of broilers was 40 (Cobb 500), divided into groups (experimental and control group). Both groups of broilers were vaccinated according to the agreed programme of immunization. Broilers from the experimental group were treated with black seed oil (0.025g/chick/day) during the fattening period. Control of post-vaccination immunity against Newcastle and Gumboro disease was carried out at 25, 32 and 39 day of chickens age