Hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones using potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent

The hydrocyanation of 2-arylmethyleneindan-1,3-diones with potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as a nontoxic cyanating agent to synthesize 2-(1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl)-2-arylacetonitriles in the presence of benzoyl chloride as a promoter and potassium carbonate as a base by a one-pot procedure is described. The use of nontoxic and inexpensive cyanide source, high yield and simple workup procedures are the advantages of this protocol

The alleviative effect of salicylic acid on the physiological indices of the seedling leaves in six different wheat genotypes under lead stress

In this research, relevant physiological indices were measured in seedling leaves of six different wheat genotypes growing at three-leave stage. The seedlings were cultured under hydroponic cultivation and treated by different lead ion (Pb2+) treatments (namely 10, 50, 100, 200 mg L-1 Pb2+ stresses, respectively) and Pb2+-SA (salicylic acid) jointed-treatments (namely 200 mg L-1 SA-alleviated 10, 50, 100, 200 mg L-1 Pb2+ stresses, respectively). The results showed that stress induced by the application of Pb2+ triggered significant inhibitory effects on indices such as chlorophyll content, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content and proline content. Moreover, application of SA exerted certain alleviative effects on these indices in seedling leaves of all genotypes. Peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and soluble sugar content were significantly affected by inhibitory effects of Pb2+ stress, while SA exerted limited alleviative effects on these parameters. For all physiological indices, SA had the most apparent alleviative effects on seedling leaves of all genotypes treated by the maximum Pb2+ concentration, namely, 200 mg L-1 Pb2+ stress. No significant differences were observed in response of all genotypes to stress, in terms of the change in physiological indices values, indicating that hydroponic cultivation at same nutrition conditions minimized the differences in stress tolerance or resistance of all genotypes. These data provide a basic study on physiological mechanism of wheat resistance (tolerance) to heavy metal stress.In this research, relevant physiological indices were measured in seedling leaves of six different wheat genotypes growing at three-leave stage. The seedlings were cultured under hydroponic cultivation and treated by different lead ion (Pb2+) treatments (namely 10, 50, 100, 200 mg L-1 Pb2+ stresses, respectively) and Pb2+-SA (salicylic acid) jointed-treatments (namely 200 mg L-1 SA-alleviated 10, 50, 100, 200 mg L-1 Pb2+ stresses, respectively). The results showed that stress induced by the application of Pb2+ triggered significant inhibitory effects on indices such as chlorophyll content, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content and proline content. Moreover, application of SA exerted certain alleviative effects on these indices in seedling leaves of all genotypes. Peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and soluble sugar content were significantly affected by inhibitory effects of Pb2+ stress, while SA exerted limited alleviative effects on these parameters. For all physiological indices, SA had the most apparent alleviative effects on seedling leaves of all genotypes treated by the maximum Pb2+ concentration, namely, 200 mg L-1 Pb2+ stress. No significant differences were observed in response of all genotypes to stress, in terms of the change in physiological indices values, indicating that hydroponic cultivation at same nutrition conditions minimized the differences in stress tolerance or resistance of all genotypes. These data provide a basic study on physiological mechanism of wheat resistance (tolerance) to heavy metal stress

Comparative metagenomics of the gut microbiota in wild greylag geese (Anser anser) and ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea)

Abstract Gut microbiome contributes to host health by maintaining homeostasis, increasing digestive efficiency, and facilitating the development of immune system. Wild greylag geese (Anser anser) and ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), migrating along the central Asian flyway, appear to be one of the most popular species in the rare birds rearing industries of China. However, the structure and function of the gut microbial communities associated with these two bird species remain poorly understood. Here, for the first time, we compared gut metagenomes from greylag geese to ruddy shelducks and investigated the similarities and differences between these two bird species in detail. Taxonomic classifications revealed the top three bacterial phyla, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria, in both greylag geese and ruddy shelducks. Furthermore, between the two species, 12 bacterial genera were found to be more abundant in ruddy shelducks and 41 genera were significantly higher in greylag geese. A total of 613 genera (approximately 70%) were found to be present in both groups. Metabolic categories related to carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly more abundant in ruddy shelducks, while greylag geese were enriched in nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism. The herbivorous greylag geese gut microbiota harbored more carbohydrate‐active enzymes than omnivorous ruddy shelducks. In our study, a range of antibiotic resistance categories were also identified in the gut microbiota of greylag geese and ruddy shelducks. In addition to providing a better understanding of the composition and function of wild birds gut microbiome, this comparative study provides reference values of the artificial domestication of these birds

Human Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells Synergize CD4+ T Follicular Helper Cells to Produce Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody

Human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells recognize nonpeptidic antigens and exert effector functions against microorganisms and tumors, but little is known about their roles in humoral immune response against influenza virus infection. Herein, in the coculture of autologous human B cells, dendritic cells and/or naïve CD4 T cells, and Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, we demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could facilitate H9N2 influenza virus-specific IgG and IgM productions in a CD4 T cell-dependent manner. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted the differentiation of CXCR5+PD1+CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CD19+IgD−CD38++ plasma cells (PCs), and drove B cell proliferation as well as immunoglobulin class switching. Interestingly, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells acquired Tfh-associated molecules such as CXCR5, PD1, CD40L, and ICOS during influenza virus stimulation, especially in the presence of CD4 T cells. Moreover, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted CD4 T cells to secrete IL-13 and IL-21, and neutralizing IL-13 and IL-21 significantly reduced the number of CD19+IgD−CD38++ PCs. Using humanized mice, we further demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could synergize CD4 T cells to produce influenza virus-specific antibody. Our findings provide a greater scope for Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in adaptive immunity, especially for the Tfh development and humoral immune responses against influenza virus infection

Genomic Analysis of a Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Strain Isolated from an Adult Patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

10.1371/journal.pone.0122403PLoS ONE104e012240

DataSheet1_Comprehensive analysis of FRAS1/FREM family as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in renal clear cell carcinoma.PDF

Background: FRAS1 (Fraser syndrome protein 1), together with FREM1 (the Fras1-related extracellular matrix proteins 1) and FREM2, belonging to the FRAS1/FREM extracellular matrix protein family, are considered to play essential roles in renal organogenesis and cancer progression. However, their roles in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remain to be elucidated.Methods: FRAS1/FREM RNA expression analysis was performed using TCGA/GTEx databases, and valided using GEO databases and real-time PCR. Protein expression was peformed using CPTAC databases. Herein, we employed an array of bioinformatics methods and online databases to explore the potential oncogenic roles of FRAS1/FREM in KIRC.Results: We found that FRAS1, FREM1 and FREM2 genes and proteins expression levels were significantly decreased in KIRC tissues than in normal tissues. Decreased FRAS1/FREM expression levels were significantly associated with advanced clinicopathological parameters (pathological stage, grade and tumor metastasis status). Notably, the patients with decreased FRAS1/FREM2 expression showed a high propensity for metastasis and poor prognosis. FRAS1/FREM were correlated with various immune infiltrating cells, especially CD4+ T cells and its corresponding subsets (Th1, Th2, Tfh and Tregs). FRAS1 and FREM2 had association with DNA methylation and their single CpG methylation levels were associated with prognosis. Moreover, FRAS1/FREM might exert antitumor effects by functioning in key oncogenic signalling pathways and metabolic pathways. Drug sensitivity analysis indicated that high FRAS1 and FREM2 expression can be a reliable predictor of targeted therapeutic drug response, highlighting the potential as anticancer drug targets.Conclusion: Together, our results indicated that FRAS1/FREM family members could be potential therapeutic targets and valuable prognostic biomarkers of KIRC.</p

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<p>Human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells recognize nonpeptidic antigens and exert effector functions against microorganisms and tumors, but little is known about their roles in humoral immune response against influenza virus infection. Herein, in the coculture of autologous human B cells, dendritic cells and/or naïve CD4 T cells, and Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, we demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could facilitate H9N2 influenza virus-specific IgG and IgM productions in a CD4 T cell-dependent manner. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted the differentiation of CXCR5⁺PD1⁺CD4⁺ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CD19⁺IgD⁻CD38⁺⁺ plasma cells (PCs), and drove B cell proliferation as well as immunoglobulin class switching. Interestingly, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells acquired Tfh-associated molecules such as CXCR5, PD1, CD40L, and ICOS during influenza virus stimulation, especially in the presence of CD4 T cells. Moreover, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted CD4 T cells to secrete IL-13 and IL-21, and neutralizing IL-13 and IL-21 significantly reduced the number of CD19⁺IgD⁻CD38⁺⁺ PCs. Using humanized mice, we further demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could synergize CD4 T cells to produce influenza virus-specific antibody. Our findings provide a greater scope for Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in adaptive immunity, especially for the Tfh development and humoral immune responses against influenza virus infection.</p

Comparative Genomics of a Bovine Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolate and Other Strains Reveals Its Potential Mechanism of Bovine Adaptation

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans and other animal species, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a distinct host preference to humans. The present study aimed to determine whether a bovine M. tb strain 1458 has evolved some genetic properties in their genome that might be associated with their bovine adaptation. The genome of the M. tb strain 1458 was sequenced and subjected to an extensive comparative genomic analysis. A phylogenetic analysis showed that strain 1458 is most closely related to a Chinese M. tb strain, CCDC5079, of the same Beijing family. Compared with three human M. tb Beijing family strains, the strain 1458 has the fewest unique genes. However, there are most (21) IS6110 insertion sequences in the strain 1458 genome at either intragenic or intergenic sites, resulting in the interruption of 11 genes including three PPE family-encoding genes (PPE16, PPE38, and PPE59). Only the strain 1458 genome has the upstream insertion in esxS and phoP genes. PCR confirmed four upstream insertions and qPCR determined that transcription of esxS, phoP, dnaN, and ctpD genes differed significantly between M. tb strain 1458 and H37Rv or M. bovis. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the genes affected by non-synonymous SNPs are enriched in RNA polymerase. Moreover, 127 of the 133 unique SNPs in strain 1458 are either different to those in the M. bovis genome. In conclusion, some critical genes responsible for bacterial virulence and immunogenicity were interrupted in the genome of bovine M. tb strain 1458 by IS insertions and non-synonymous SNPs, which might contribute to its bovine adaptation, and the modification of its virulence and immunogenicity in cattle

image_2.tif

<p>Human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells recognize nonpeptidic antigens and exert effector functions against microorganisms and tumors, but little is known about their roles in humoral immune response against influenza virus infection. Herein, in the coculture of autologous human B cells, dendritic cells and/or naïve CD4 T cells, and Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, we demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could facilitate H9N2 influenza virus-specific IgG and IgM productions in a CD4 T cell-dependent manner. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted the differentiation of CXCR5⁺PD1⁺CD4⁺ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CD19⁺IgD⁻CD38⁺⁺ plasma cells (PCs), and drove B cell proliferation as well as immunoglobulin class switching. Interestingly, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells acquired Tfh-associated molecules such as CXCR5, PD1, CD40L, and ICOS during influenza virus stimulation, especially in the presence of CD4 T cells. Moreover, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted CD4 T cells to secrete IL-13 and IL-21, and neutralizing IL-13 and IL-21 significantly reduced the number of CD19⁺IgD⁻CD38⁺⁺ PCs. Using humanized mice, we further demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could synergize CD4 T cells to produce influenza virus-specific antibody. Our findings provide a greater scope for Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in adaptive immunity, especially for the Tfh development and humoral immune responses against influenza virus infection.</p