On Fatigue Detection for Air Traffic Controllers Based on Fuzzy Fusion of Multiple Features

Fatigue detection for air traffic controllers is an important yet challenging problem in aviation safety research. Most of the existing methods for this problem are based on facial features. In this paper, we propose an ensemble learning model that combines both facial features and voice features and design a fatigue detection method through multifeature fusion, referred to as Facial and Voice Stacking (FV-Stacking). Specifically, for facial features, we first use OpenCV and Dlib libraries to extract mouth and eye areas and then employ a combination of M-Convolutional Neural Network (M-CNN) and E-Convolutional Neural Network (E-CNN) to determine the state of mouth and eye closure based on five features, i.e., blinking times, average blinking time, average blinking interval, Percentage of Eyelid Closure over the Pupil over Time (PERCLOS), and Frequency of Open Mouth (FOM). For voice features, we extract the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) features of speech. Such facial features and voice features are fused through a carefully designed stacking model for fatigue detection. Real-life experiments are conducted on 14 air traffic controllers in Southwest Air Traffic Management Bureau of Civil Aviation of China. The results show that the proposed FV-Stacking method achieves a detection accuracy of 97%, while the best accuracy achieved by a single model is 92% and the best accuracy achieved by the state-of-the-art detection methods is 88%

Bone Mineral Density of the Spine in 11,898 Chinese Infants and Young Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) increases progressively during childhood and adolescence and is affected by various genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for lumbar BMD in healthy Chinese infants and young children and investigate its influencing factors. Methods and Findings: Healthy children aged 0 to 3 years who underwent regular physical examinations at the Child Health Care Clinic of Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital (N = 11,898) were recruited for this study. We also chose 379 preterm infants aged 0 to 1 years to preliminarily explore the development of BMD in this special population. BMD (g/cm2) measurements of the lumbar spine (L2–L4) were carried out with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a questionnaire was administered to full-term children's parents to gather information on various nutritional and lifestyle factors as well as mothers' nutritional supplement use during pregnancy. Lumbar BMD significantly increased with age among both boys and girls (p0.05), either among healthy reference children or preterm infants. However, BMD values in preterm infants were significantly lower than those in term infants 3 to 8 months old (p<0.05) after adjustment for gestational age. Multivariable linear regression analysis indicated significant positive associations between lumbar BMD of healthy children and the child's age and current weight, mother's weight gain during pregnancy, birth weight, children's outdoor activity duration and children's physical activity duration. Conclusion: Our study provides reference values of lumbar BMD for healthy Chinese children aged 0 to 3 years and identifies several influencing factors

Trajectories of length, weight, and bone mineral density among preterm infants during the first 12 months of corrected age in China

Background: Limited evidence has been provided on the trajectories of length, weight, and bone mineral density (BMD) among preterm infants in early life in Asian countries. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study, which included 652 late preterm (gestational age: 34–36.9 weeks), 486 moderate preterm (32–33.9), 291 very preterm (28–31.9), 149 extremely preterm infants (≤28.9) and 1434 full-term peers (≥37) during the first 12 months of corrected age in Wuhan, China. Weight and length were measured at birth, once randomly before term, and every month thereafter. BMD was examined at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: From birth to 12 months of corrected age, growth peaks in length and weight were observed at 1–3 months among preterm infants. No catch-up growth in length, weight, and BMD was observed among preterm infants. However, accelerated growth in length, weight, and BMD was found. Among extremely preterm infants, relative to full-term infants, length was −6.77 cm (95 % CI: −7.14, −6.40; P for trend < 0.001) lower during the first 12 months; weight was −1.23 kg (−1.33, −1.13; P for trend < 0.001) lower; and BMD was −0.070 g/cm2(−0.087, −0.053; P for trend < 0.001) lower; however, average growth rates of these measures were higher (Ps < 0.05). Small gestational age and low birth weight were independently associated with lower length, weight, and BMD. Conclusion: Growth peaks in length and weight among preterm infants were observed at 1–3 months. No catch-up growth in length, weight, and BMD was observed, however, there was accelerated growth in length, weight, and BMD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0396-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

SHRIMP U-Pb ages for zircons of the amphibolites and tectonic evolution significance from the Wenquan domain in the West Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

The metamorphic rocks of Wenquan Group as Precambrian basement rocks of the West Tianshan orogen occur in the south area of the Wenquan County. Grey amphibolites with middle or coarse texture have been regarded as components of Wenquan Group, those are different entirely from Precambrian fine dark amphibolites in apparent features. Father geological study and high-precision SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating, the Pb/U ages of 455. 1 ± 2. 7(2-σ) Ma and 451. 4 ± 5. 4 (2σ) Ma have been gained for these amphibolites from the eastern and western section of Wenquan domain, respectively. So, the results make certain these grey middle-coarse amphibolites in the Wenquan domain are Late Ordovician igneous rocks during the Early Paleozoic, other than Precambrian. One old age of ca. 900Ma was obtained in core of a xenocryst zircon of the amphibolite in the west section of Wenquan, which is approximately consistent with age of basement granitic gneisses of the Wenquan Group. Other evidences of trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions indicate that the Wenquan Early Paleozoic amphibolites were formed in the island-arc tectonic setting. The results of this study offer new evidence for subduction-related geological events in the West Tianshan and evolution of the Paleoasian Ocean during the Early Paleozoic

Association between insulin receptor substrate 1 gene polymorphism rs1801278 and gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated meta- analysis

Abstract Objectives we performed this meta- analysis to investigate the impact of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) gene rs1801278 on susceptibility to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated, and p value is used to determine statistical significance. Sensitivity analysis was performed under three models (dominant, recessive and allele model), and the pooled ORs and 95%CI were calculated. Funnel plots and Begger’s regression test were employed to test the publication bias. Results The meta-analysis included 4777 participants (2116 cases and 2661 controls). The IRS1 rs1801278 (C/T) were not significant associated with GDM risk under the dominant and allele models, OR (95%CI) = 1.22 (0.88–1.70) and 1.24 (0.91–1.68), respectively (both p values were more than 0.05). But we also found the IRS1 rs1801278 (C/T) were significant associated with GDM risk under the recessive model, OR (95%CI) = 0.37 (0.16–0.86), p = 0.030. Our results showed that none of the studies affected the quality of the pooled OR. We also found no significant publication bias existed in this meta study for three genetic models, P TT + CT vs. CC = 0.445; P CC+CT vs. TT= 0.095; P C vs. T = 0.697. Conclusion this meta-analysis indicated that IRS1 rs1801278 (C/T) was associated with the GDM risk under the recessive model but was not associated with the GDM risk under dominant and allele models

An improved detecting information model of point annotation labelling in cartography

As one of the media of map information transmission, point annotation is an indispensable part of map. In the past, most of the researches on point annotation labelling automatically only considered confliction problem. However, they ignored the spatial distribution and structural characteristics of background features, which are closely related to point annotation quality. Therefore, we firstly construct a quantitative description of correlation between point annotation quality and background features by starting with the annotation's clarity, explicity, distribution uniformity and attribution correctness rules. Then we proposed an improved detecting information model which takes into account the detecting information caused by feature topological relation, data structure, visual position and district. We experimented the proposed method and compared with the first generation model and Maplex on national 1∶1 million geographic information data, results showed that the model could effectively decrease detecting information in local area and avoid background features maximally, then improve point annotation's clarity and Readability

SHRIMP U-Pb age for zircons of East Tianhu granitic gneiss and tectoic evolution significance from the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Granitic gneisses occur widely from Tianhu to Xingxingxia in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. The East Tianhu granitic body has been proposed as late Proterozoic granite (or called Chengjiang Period) and be formed in tectonic conversion from compression to extension at late or post-orogenic stage by Gu et al. (1990) and Zhang et al. (2004), which was based on a Rb-Sr isochron age of 707.7 ± 4.9 Ms. However, our study indicates that geologic occurrence and feature of petrologic structure of the East Tianhu granitic gneisses are different from those of the Proterozoic granitic gneisses with huge-augen in eastern section of Tianshan Mountains. Further studies based on high-precision SHRIMP U-Pb dating on 18 zircons from a monzonitic granitic gneiss of the East Tianhu body show a weighted mean Pb/U ages of 466.5 ± 9.8 Ma(2σ,) for 17 zircons, and no Proterozoic remanent zircon and no Precambrian age were discovered. Our results denote that the East Tianhu granitic gneiss was formed in the early Paleozoic, other than in Proterozoic, thus the conception of (Chengjiang Period-granite) is questionable. Also, our zircon U-Pb ages are consistent with those of great many early Paleozoic granitoids in the eastern and the western Tianshan orogenic belts. Other evidences come from trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions, which show obvious characteristics of island arc calc-alkine rocks. This study offers credible time information to investigate earlier closure time of some oceanic basin of Paleo-Asian Ocean