Identification of Frequency Ranges for Subharmonic Oscillations in a Relay Feedback System

This paper examines the behaviour of a single loop relay feedback system (RFS) which is driven by an external signal. It is well known that such a RFS exhibits a variety of oscillation patterns including forced and subharmonic oscillations (SO). This paper focuses on the conditions for SO. It will be shown that for an external signal with a fixed amplitude, it is possible for SO with different orders to occur simply by changing the frequency of the external signal. Similarly, for an external signal with a fixed frequency, it is possible for SO with different orders to occur when the amplitude of the external signal is varied. The conditions under which these different scenarios will occur are explored. An analysis of these conditions identifies the frequency ranges where certain orders of SO are possible for a given amplitude of the external signal. The effects of the initial conditions on the SO are illustrated and discussed. Simulation studies are presented to illustrate the result

Disappearing Dividends In Malaysia: Changing Firm Characteristics Or Lower Propensity To Pay?

Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisa tren dividen di Malaysia untuk tahun 1995 sehingga 2006. The objective of this study is to analyse the dividend trend in Malaysia from 1995 to 2006

Poly[bis­[μ-1,4-bis­(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmeth­yl)benzene-κ2 N 4:N 4′]dichloridomanganese(II)]

The MnII atom in the title coordination polymer, [MnCl2(C12H12N6)2]n, lies on a center of inversion in a six-coordinate octa­hedral environment comprising four N-atom donors from four N-heterocyclic ligands and two chloride atoms. Bridging by the ligands results in a layer structure of a 14.79 (5) × 14.79 (5) Å (4,4) rhombic net topology, with the MnII atoms all lying on a plane. The parallel layers stack in an ABCABC… manner through inter­layer C—H⋯N and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds