The Effect of Low-Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Differentiation of Permanent Dental Pulp Stem Cells into Odontoblasts

Introduction: Exposure to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has been revealed to affect the differentiation and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp multipotent stromal stem cells (DP-MSCs). This study aimed to investigate the differentiation effect of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the DP-MSC. Materials and Methods: PEMF was produced by a system comprising a multi-meter autotransformer, solenoid coils, and teslameter. This study included 10 groups of DP-MSCs which underwent different electromagnetic radiation time and beam intensity. Three samples tested for each group. The effect of PEMF with the intensity of 0.5 and 1 mT (mili Tesla) and 50 Hz on the proliferation rate of DP-MSC was evaluated at 20 and 40 minutes per day for seven days. MTT assay was applied to determine the growth and proliferation of DP-MSC. Gene expression of DMP1 for differentiation of DPSCs to odontoblasts was confirmed by Real Time PCR., ANOVA statistical analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data. Results: The survival in all exposure groups was significantly higher than that in control except in the group of 40 minutes, 1 mT (P<0.05). In 20 minutes, 0.5 mT exposure, the survival intensity is significantly more than others (P<0.05). In general, the intensity of survival was recorded, 20, 0.5 mT≥20, 1 mT≥40, 0.5 mT≥40, 1 mT respectively. Therefore, according to the obtained results, ELF-EMF increases the survival of cells except for one case (40 minutes, 1 mT), even though the effective underlying mechanisms in this process are still unclear. Conclusions: The results obtained promise that in the future, by placing an important part of the pulp next to the electromagnetic field, the lost part of the pulp can be reconstructed and the dentin barrier can be created

The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Differentiation, Proliferation, and Migration of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell: A Review

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a low-power laser on the proliferation, migration, differentiation of different types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different studies.Methods: The relevant articles that were published from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the sources of PubMed, Scopus, and only the articles specifically examining the effect of a low-power laser on the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the MSCs were investigated.Results: After reviewing the literature, only 42 articles were found relevant. Generally, most of the studies demonstrated that different laser parameters increased the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the MSCs, except the results of two studies which were contradictory. In fact, changing the parameters of a low-power laser would affect the results. On the other hand, the source of the stem cells was reported as a key factor. In addition, the combination of lasers with other therapeutic approaches was found to be more effective.Conclusion: The different parameters of lasers has been found to be effective in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the MSCs and in general, a low-power laser has a positive effect on the MSCs, helping to improve different disease models

Cell Therapy in Hearing Loss Treatment: A Review of Recent Advances

Background: The mammal's inner ear is responsible for hearing and balance. To perform these tasks, it requires the vestibular and cochlear system. Sensor neural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common type of hearing loss resulting in degeneration of internal sensory hair cell, where cochlear nerve in cochlear stem cell and gene-based strategies provide the opportunity for replacement for these cells.Aim: In this review, we evaluated the efficiency of stem cell therapy in inner ear.Methods: In this study we examined different articles in different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier.Results: The stem cells have offered desired results in the delivery of gene and tissue engineering programs. Evidence suggests that stem cells are considered as a promising tool in medical applications thanks to their high plasticity and trophic characteristics.Conclusion: In this review, Stem cell transplantation is widely used in clinical practice, and the source is highly desirable, since the patient's bone marrow cells can be potentially transplanted without any safety problems

Therapeutic Effects of Combination Therapy and Photobiomodulation Therapy on Retinal Regeneration

Introduction: Macular edema (ME) is produced by central extravascular inflammation of the macula subsequent to a major loss of visual action. Macular edema can happen at any phase of diabetic retinopathy, whether non-proliferative or proliferative retinopathy. Method and material: Articles were collected from four electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar Web of Science from 2000 to 2022 and electronically to study the effects of macular laser grid photocoagulation on Diabetic macular edema or Cystoid macular edema through the keywords " macular laser photocoagulation ", " macular edema ", " Cystoid macular edema ", " Intravitreal pharmacotherapies ", " Antivascular endothelial growth factor “, were searched about 219 articles found in google scholar and 165 articles in PubMed, that   58 articles were included in the study. Result: In this study, the effects of various laser photocoagulation such as Focal and/or grid macular laser, subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL), and Intravitreal pharmacotherapies (Corticosteroids such as triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone, Bevacizumab, and dexamethasone) on macular edema were investigated. A few studies had shown that the effects of corticosteroids are more effective than lasers, and a number of studies have found the effects of lasers and the combined effects of lasers with corticosteroids to be more effective. Also, some studies have also shown that the frequency and duration of follow-up and concentrations of intravitreal pharmacotherapies are effective in increasing visual outcomes. Conclusion: The results of studies showed that although corticosteroids have side effects, the combined effects of corticosteroids with subthreshold micropulse laser are effective in increasing visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT)

The Effect of Low-Power Laser Therapy on the TGF/β Signaling Pathway in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of low-power lasers on kidney disease by investigating several studies.Methods: A number of articles from 1998 to 2019 were chosen from the sources of PubMed, Scopus, and only the articles studying the effect of low-power lasers on kidney disease were investigated.Results: After reviewing the literature, 21 articles examining only the effects of low-power lasers on kidney disease were found. The results of these studies showed that the parameter of the low-power laser would result in different outcomes. So, a low-power laser with various parameters can be effective in the treatment of kidney diseases such as acute kidney disease, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, nephrectomy, metabolic syndrome, and kidney fibrosis. Most studies have shown that low-power lasers can affect TGFβ1 signaling which is the most important signaling in the treatment of renal fibrosis.Conclusion: Lasers can be effective in reducing or enhancing inflammatory responses, reducing fibrosis factors, and decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in kidney disease and glomerular cell proliferation

Therapeutic Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Multiple Sclerosis by Regulating the Inflammatory Process and Controlling Immune Cell Activity: A Novel Promising Treatment Target

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the autoimmune and chronic diseases of the central ‎nervous system, this disease occurs more frequently in young people and women ‎and leads to neurological symptoms. Oxidative stress, inflammatory process, and ‎oligodendrocyte dysfunction has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of this ‎disease. Nowadays, it has been reported that Photobiomodulation (PBM) as a non-invasive threat has neuroprotective potential but the exact mechanisms are not understood.   Methods: In this manuscript, we have reviewed the Photobiomodulation effects on MS. in this regard, we used "Photobiomodulation", " Laser therapy", and "Low-level laser therapy" keywords on MS to find related studies on this subject in PubMed, Google scholar, Elsevier, Medline, and Scopus databases.  Results: Photobiomodulation has positive effects on MS by regulating the inflammatory ‎process, controlling immune cell activity, and mitochondrial functions, as well as inhibiting free ‎radicals’ production. ‎ Conclusion: Overall, researchers have suggested that laser therapy could be considered a promising new treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis

Protective effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells Conditioned Media on Pheochromocytoma Cell Line 12 Against Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

Introduction: Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs), a type of adult stem cells, secrete bioactive molecules such as trophic factors, growth factors, chemokine and cytokines that may be effective against oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases.In this study, we examined the protective effect of BMSCs conditioned media CM) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on PC12 cells exposed to H2O2 as an oxidative injury model.Methods: BMSCs were cultured and confirmed by flow cytometry analysis and underwent osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Then, PC12-H2O2 cells were co-treated with BMSCs-CM and PBMT. The effect of BMSCs-CM and PBMT (He-Ne laser, 632.8 nm, 3 mW, 1.2 J/cm2, 378 s) on Bax/Bcl2 expression, cell viability, was assessed by real-time PCR and MTT assay. The length of the Neurite and cell body areas were assessed by Cell A software.Results: Flowcytometry analysis, as well as osteogenic and adipogenic staining, confirmed the BMSCs. The length of the Neurite was the highest in the group which received CM+PBMT and cell body areas were significant in CM+PBMT compared to other groups. Based on our results, elevating H2O2 concentration increased cell death significantly and using concentrations of 250 μM resulted in a dramatic increase in the mortality compared to the other groups.Conclusion: Our result demonstrated that the combination of CM +PBMT has a protective effect on PC12 cells against oxidative stress

Photobiomodulation Therapy and Cell Therapy Improved Parkinson’s Diseases by Neuro-regeneration and Tremor Inhibition: Photobiomodulation therapy and cell therapy in Parkinson diseases

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a progressive and severe neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The most prominent features of this disease are cell reduction in Substantia nigra and accumulation of α-Synuclein, especially in the brainstem, spinal cord, and cortical areas. In addition to drug-based treatment, other therapies such as surgery, cell therapy, laser therapy can be mentioned. In this study, articles on cell therapy and laser therapy for Parkinson's disease have been collected to evaluate the improvement of motor function, cell differentiation, and dopaminergic cell proliferation. Method: Articles were collected from four electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar Web of Science from 2010 to 2022 and electronically to study the effects of stem cell therapy and laser therapy on Parkinson's disease through the keywords "photobiomodulation", "low-level light therapy", "Low-level laser therapy", "near-infrared light", "Parkinson's disease", "Parkinsonism" and "stem cell therapy" were searched. About 80 related articles were included in the study. Result: The results of studies show that cell therapy and laser therapy are each useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and despite their limitations can be useful in improving Parkinson's disease. Conclusion: Concomitant use of cell therapy and Photobiomodulation therapy can improve the symptoms of Parkinson's