Structural characterization and electrochemical properties of Co3O4 anode materials synthesized by a hydrothermal method

Cobalt oxide [Co3O4] anode materials were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process, and the reaction conditions were optimized to provide good electrochemical properties. The effect of various synthetic reaction and heat treatment conditions on the structure and electrochemical properties of Co3O4 powder was also studied. Physical characterizations of Co3O4 are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] method. The BET surface area decreased with values at 131.8 m2/g, 76.1 m2/g, and 55.2 m2/g with the increasing calcination temperature at 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C, respectively. The Co3O4 particle calcinated at 200°C for 3 h has a higher surface area and uniform particle size distribution which may result in better sites to accommodate Li+ and electrical contact and to give a good electrochemical property. The cell composed of Super P as a carbon conductor shows better electrochemical properties than that composed of acetylene black. Among the samples prepared under different reaction conditions, Co3O4 prepared at 200°C for 10 h showed a better cycling performance than the other samples. It gave an initial discharge capacity of 1,330 mAh/g, decreased to 779 mAh/g after 10 cycles, and then showed a steady discharge capacity of 606 mAh/g after 60 cycles

Determination of Fire Blight Susceptibility on Wild Rosaceae Plants in Korea by Artificial Inoculation

The fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Ea) is a devastating disease of Rosaceae plants, including commercially important apple and pear trees. Since the first report in Korea in May 2015, it has been spreading to neighboring regions gradually. Host plants can be infected by pollinators like bees, rainfall accompanied by wind, and cultural practices such as pruning. Many studies have revealed that wild Rosaceae plants such as Cotoneaster spp., Crataegus spp., Pyracantha spp., Prunus spp., and Sorbus spp. can be reservoirs of Ea in nature. However, wild Rosaceae plants in Korea have not been examined yet whether they are susceptible to fire blight. Therefore, the susceptibility to fire blight was examined with 25 species in 10 genera of wild Rosaceae plants, which were collected during 2020–2022, by artificial inoculation. Bacterial suspension (108 cfu/ml) of Ea type strain TS3128 was inoculated artificially in flowers, leaves, stems, and fruits of each plant species, and development of disease symptoms were monitored. Moreover, the presence of Ea bacteria from inoculated samples were checked by conventional polymerase chain reaction. Total 14 species of wild Rosaceae plants showed disease symptoms of fire blight, and Ea bacteria were detected inside of inoculated plant parts. These results suggest that wild Rosaceae plants growing nearby commercial apple and pear orchards in Korea can be Ea reservoirs, and thus they should be monitored regularly to minimize the damage by Ea infection and spreading

Taxonomic Study on Six Yeast Species Unlisted in the National Species List of Korea

More than five hundreds of yeast species (including 9 variants) encompassing 142 genera and 48 classes of 2 phyla exist in Korea. However, only 173 species have been cataloged in the National Species List of Korea (NSLK), the backbone reference to claim sovereign rights over biological resources, as of December 2021, due to the lack of taxonomic descriptions, although some of these species are extensively used in industry. The present pilot study investigated the taxonomy of strains belonging to the six most widely used or frequently isolated yeast species (Meyeromyma guilliermondii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Candida tropicalis, and Papiliotrema flavescens) to include these species in the NSLK. Strains with diverse habitats and geographic origins were retrieved from the National Institute of Biological Resources culture collection. These strains clustered in the same clade as the type strains of the designated species according to phylogenetic analysis of the D1/D2 sequences. Moreover, we described the cell morphology and physiological characteristics of representative strains of each species. This study suggests that these six species are indigenous to Korea and can be accordingly listed in the NSLK

Myelochroa aurulenta Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon

Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 240, 1987. Basinonym: Parmelia aurulenta Tuck., Amer. J. Sci. Arts, Ser. 2 25: 424, 1858. Type collection: Harpers Ferry, Virginia, U.S.A., Tuckerman (lectotype in FH, Tuckerman Herb.!). Parmelina aurulenta (Tuck.) Hale, Smiths. Contr. Bot. 33: 19, 1976. Myelochroa coreana Y.S. Park, Bryologist 93: 132, 1990. Type collection: South Korea. Kwangwon Province: Mt. Sorak National Park, elevation 1100 m, July 10, 1986, Y.S. Park 1837 (holotype in DUKE!). Myelochroa ibukiensis K.H. Moon, Kashiw. & Keis. Kobay., J. Jpn. Bot. 88: 140, 2013. Type collection: JAPAN. Prov. Ohmi (Shiga Pref.): Ibuki Shrine, Ibuki, Maibara City. On bark of Zelkova serrata, elevation about 180 m, November 16, 2012, H. Kashiwadani 50701 (holotype in TNS!). For other synonyms, see Hale (1976) and Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997). Chemistry. Race 1, atranorin, zeorin, leucotylic acid and its derivatives, and secalonic acid A. Race 2, atranorin, zeorin, leucotylin and its derivatives, and secalonic acid A. Myelochroa aurulenta is characterized by a foliose thallus with pustules or granular soredia and a yellow medulla containing secalonic acid A, zeorin, and leucotylic acid or leucotylin. The present species is easily distinguished from allied species of the genus by the presence of soredia. Soralia are variable in shape, varying from pustules to farinose soredia. They are formed laminally and subterminally; laminal soralia are rounded and often diffusing, and subterminal soredia often inflated, forming capitate soralia. Hale (1976) considered that Parmelina aurulenta (= Myelochroa aurulenta) produces leucotylic acid as the major substance. According to Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997), leucotylic acid was demonstrated in 24 of 25 specimens collected in Japan, while leucotylin was detected from only one specimen. The Korean materials show a similar tendency with leucotylic acid demonstrated in 40 of the 43 specimens and leucotylin detected in only three specimens; however, no morphological differences have been found between the two chemical races, and the chemical difference seems to have no taxonomic value. Park (1990) described Myelochroa coreana Y.S. Park based on a specimen collected at Mt. Sorak, Korea. As discussed by Moon (1999), the holotype specimen preserved in DUKE shows typical morphological characters found in M. aurulenta. In addition, specimens examined by her include the two chemical variations shown above. Therefore, M. coreana is simply reduced to a synonym of M. aurulenta. Moon et al. (2013) described Myelochroa ibukiensis K.H. Moon, Kashiw. & K. Kobayashi based on a specimen collected at Ibuki, Maebara-city, Japan. They stressed the presence of red dots that appeared to be pigments of the medulla; however, detailed study of the holotype reveals that the red dots are derived from the juvenile colony of a parasitic fungus (Marchandiomyces corallines), which does not belong with the mycobiont of the holotype. All other morphological and chemical characters are those found in M. aurulenta. Thus, M. ibukiensis is reduced to a synonym of M. aurulenta. In Korea, M. aurulenta has been reported as Parmelia aurulenta (Park, 1979; Lee, 1987; Ri and Hyun, 1988; Ri, 1988; 2000), Parmelina aurulenta (Hale, 1976), M. coreana (Park, 1990) and M. aurulenta (Park, 1990; Moon, 1997; 1999; Kashiwadani et al., 2002; Hur et al., 2004; Jayalal et al., 2012). Myelochroa aurulenta is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions in the world excepting Europe, having been reported from Japan, eastern and southeastern Asia including Siberia, Korea, mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Java, the Philippines, New Guinea, eastern Africa including Madagascar, Hawaii, Canada, the U. S. A., Mexico and South America (Hale, 1976) and Australia (Kurokawa and Arakawa, 1997). This species was also reported from Thailand (Moon et al., 2000), Fiji (Elix, 2001) and Turkey (Yazici et al., 2010). Myelochroa aurulenta is apparently widely distributed throughout the Korean peninsula. Representative specimens examined. Prov. Hamkyongnam, Pyong-yang, Forest Sung-ja, P. Chun (F. Den) (TNS). Prov. Gangwon (=Prov. Kangwon), Pyongchang-gun, Jinbu-myun, Mt. Ohdae, around Woljong temple, on Tsuga sp., elevation 670-690 m, October 8, 1995, K.H. Moon 1956 & H. Kashiwadani (TNS); Inje-gun, Puk-myon, Mt. Sorak, around Peaktam temple, on bark of Prunus jamasakura, elevation 460-550 m, October 6, 1995, K.H. Moon 405 & H. Kashiwadani (TNS). Prov. Gyongsangbuk, Yecheon-gun, Pungyang-myeon, Hyogal-ri, around Chungryoung Temple, on bark of Juniperus sp., elevation 145 m, May 3, 2009, K.H. Moon 10820 (NIBR); Gyeongju city, Jinhyeon-dong, around Bulguk temple, on bark of Zelkova serrata, elevation 230 m, September 16, 2012, K.H. Moon 13463 (NIBR). Prov. Jeonllanam, Gohung-gun, Podu-myeon, Mt. Cheoundeung, St. Gumtap-gil, around Gumtap temple, on bark of Zelkova serrata, elevation 100 m, October 18, 2013, K.H. Moon 13877 (NIBR). Prov. Jeju (=Prov. Cheju), Cheju-shi, Odung-dong, Kwanum temple, on bark of Prunus sp., elevation about 580 m, May 29, 2001, K.H. Moon 5928 (TNS).Published as part of Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, http://zenodo.org/record/812034

Myelochroa metarevoluta Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon

Myelochroa metarevoluta (Asahina) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 241, 1987. Basinonym: Parmelia metarevoluta Asahina, J. Jpn. Bot. 35: 97, 1960. Type collection. Japan. Honshu. Prov. Shinano: Azusayama, Minamisaku-gun. On rocks; elevation about 1400 m, August 8, 1959, M. Nuno & S. Kurokawa 59243 (lectotype in TNS! and isolectotype in US). Parmelina metarevoluta (Asahina) Hale, Phytologia 32: 483, 1974. Chemistry. Atranorin, galbinic acid, zeorin, leucotylin and its derivatives, and secalonic acid A. This species is considered the sorediate morph of M. galbina and is known from eastern Asia and eastern North America (Hale, 1976). It is very easily distinguished from the other sorediate species by the P + deep yellow color reaction in the medulla from production of galbinic acid. All the five specimens of this species in NIBR produce leucotylin only and never produce leucotylic acid, as in the case for Japanese materials (Kurokawa and Arakawa, 1997). Myelochroa metarevoluta has been reported from China, Japan and the eastern United States (Hale, 1976). According to Jayalal et al. (2012), it was recently reported from India and Nepal. In Korea, it has been collected once on Mt. Sorak by Moon (1999) and is apparently a very rare species. This report is second record for this species in Korea. Specimens examined. Prov. Gangwon (=Prov. Kangwon), Inje-gun, Buk-myeon, Yongdae-ri, Mt. Sorak, around Paektam temple, on bark of Quercus sp., elevation about 460-550 m, October 6, 1995, K.H. Moon 396 & H. Kashiwadani (TNS, NIBR); Inje-gun, Buk-myeon, Yongdae-ri, Mt. Sorak, along the Backdam valley, on bark of Quercus sp., elevation about 480 m, July 10, 2005, K.H. Moon 8512 (NIBR); elevation about 460-550 m, October 6, 1995, K.H. Moon 396 & H. Kashiwadani; Inje-gun, Buk-myeon, Yongdae-ri, Mt. Sorak, along the Backdam valley, on Acer sp., elevation about 470 m, April 17, 2008, K.H. Moon 10227 (NIBR). Incheon, Ongjin-gun, Bukdo-myeon, Jangbong-ri, on rocks, elevation about 10 m, April 20, 2013, K.H. Moon 13205 (NIBR). Prov. Gyeongsangbuk, Gyeongju city, Jinhyeon-dong, Mt. Toham, around Seokguram Grotto, on bark of Zelkova serrata, October 15, 2013, K.H. Moon 13834 (NIBR).Published as part of Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1) on pages 29-30, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, http://zenodo.org/record/812034

Myelochroa perisidians Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon

Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 241, 1987. Basinonym: Parmelia perisidians Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26: 6, 1900. Type collection. Ceylon, Rampodde, E. Almquist s. n. (lectotype in S! and isolectotype in H!). Parmelia subsulphurata Asahina, J. Jpn. Bot. 26: 228, 1951. Type collection. Japan, Prov. Mino, Kamo-gun, Higashishirakawa-mura, August 1936, M. Yasue s. n. (lectotype in TNS!). Myelochroa indica auct. non (Hale) Hale & Elix: Park YS, 1990 and Jayalal et al., 2012. For other synonyms, see Hale (1976) and Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997). Chemistry. Atranorin, zeorin, leucotylin and and its derivatives, and secalonic acid A. Myelochroa perisidians resembles M. indica because they both have isidiate thalli; however, it can be distinguished from the latter by the loosely adnate thallus with wider lobes (0.5-2.0 mm wide) and the presence of secalonic acid A; the latter species has a hardly adnate thallus with smaller lobes (0.8-1.2 mm wide). Although the medulla of M. perisidians varies from pale yellow to almost white, that of M. indica is constantly white. Therefore, the final decision to distinguish between the two species should be a check for the presence or absence of secalonic acid A in the medulla. This species was reported from Korea under M. indica by Park (1990) and Jayalal et al. (2012); however, Park (1990) reported that the specimens contain secalonic acid A and have lobes of 1-3 mm wide. Therefore, the specimens should be identified with M. perisidians rather than M. indica. We re-examined all materials treated under M. indica by Jayalal et al. and confirmed that all specimens contain atranorin, zeorin, leucotylin and secalonic acid A, characteristic chemical features for M. perisidians. This species is widely distributed in Asia, having been recorded from India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan (Hale, 1976; Kurokawa and Arakawa, 1997) and Korea. The reports from Korea were made by several authors as Parmelia subsulphurata Asahina (Kim, 1965; 1980; Kim, 1983; Ri, 1988), as P. perisidians Nyl. (Lee, 1987), as M. perisidians (Jayalal et al., 2012) and as M. indica (Park, 1990; Jayalal et al., 2012). The distribution in Korea is restricted to the southern part of the Korean peninsula, where it grows both on tree trunks and on rocks. Specimens examined. Prov. Gyonggy (=Prov. Kyonggi), Seoul, June 1901, U. Faurie 4746 (KYO 00030581). Prov. Chungcheongnam, Mt. Jogae, on bark, elevation 310 m, January 31, 2004, J.S. Hur 040017 (KoLRI no. 007681, as M. indica). Prov. Gyeongsangbuk, Cheongsong-gun, Budong-myeon, Sangui-ri, Mt. Juwang, en route from Daegeon temple to Mt. Janggun-bong via Backrung-am (hermitage), on rock with mosses, elevation about 270 m, October 13, 2013, K.H. Moon 13786 (NIBR); same locality, on rocks, K.H. Moon 13814 (NIBR). Prov. Gyongsangnam, Sancheong-gun, Mt. Ungseobong, on bark, elevation 587 m, October 16, 2007, J.S. Hur 070847 (KoLRI no. 007681, as M. indica). Prov. Jeonllanam, Mt. Duryun, Daeheung temple, on rock, June 8, 2003, J.S. Hur 030310 (KoLRI no. 000248, as M. indica); Gohung-gun, Sorokdo, on rock, elevation 15 m, March 23, 2003, J.S. Hur 030067 (KoLRI no. 000043, as M. indica); Gohung-gun, Podu-myeon, Mt. Cheoundeung, around Geumtap temple, on bark of Zelkova serrata, elevation about 100 m, October 18, 2013, K.H. Moon 13863 and 13874 (NIBR); Gohung-gun, Podu-myeon, Namseong-ri, Mt. Mabok, en route from Mabok-sa temple to summit area, on bark, elevation about 200 m, October 18, 2013, K.H. Moon 10948 (NIBR).Published as part of Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, http://zenodo.org/record/812034

Myelochroa J.A.Elix & M.E.Hale 1987

Key to the species of Korean Myelochroa 1. Thallus isidiate∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale 1. Thallus without isidia ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 2 2. Thallus sorediate or pustulate ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 3 2. Thallus without soredia or pustules∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 6 3. Pustules never forming soredia ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 4 3. Pustules turning into soredia; soredia farinose∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 5 4. Medulla P+ brick red, containing galbinic acid; moniliform cells present in the medulla∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. hayachinensis (Kurok.) Elix & Hale 4. Medulla P -, lacking galbinic acid; moniliform cells absent in the medulla ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. leucotyliza (Nyl.) Elix & Hale 5. Medulla P+ brick red, containing galbinic acid; moniliform cells present in the medulla∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. metarevoluta (Asahina) Elix & Hale 5. Medulla P -, lacking galbinic acid; moniliform cells absent in the medulla ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale 6. Upper surface distinctly rugose, often bursting open along the ridges of wrinkles; upper cortex fragile and easily flaking away, exposing medulla ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale 6. Upper surface smooth, cortex almost entire ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 7 7. Thallus rather tightly adnate; medulla P+ brick red, containing galbinic acid; moniliform cells present in the medulla∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. galbina (Ach.) Elix & Hale 7. Thallus adnate; medulla P - or P+ yellow, lacking galbinic acid; moniliform cells absent in the medulla∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ M. irrugans (Nyl.) Elix & HalePublished as part of Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, http://zenodo.org/record/812034

Myelochroa irrugans Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon

<p> <b>Myelochroa irrugans</b> (Nyl.) Elix & Hale,</p> <p>Mycotaxon 29: 241, 1987.</p> <p> Basinonym: <i>Parmelia irrugans</i> Nyl., Lich. Japon.: 26, 1890. Type collection. Japan, Umagayeshi, Mt. Fuji, E. Almquist (lectotype in H; Nylander Herb. 35551!).</p> <p> <i>Parmelia subaurulenta</i> Nyl., Flora 68: 606, 1885- <i>Myelochroa subaurulenta</i> (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 241, 1987. Type collection. India, N.W. Himalays, Narkanda, Skoliczka (lectotype in H; Nylander Herb. 35672).</p> <p> <i>Parmelia homogenes</i> Nyl., Flora 68: 607, 1885. Type collection. India, Hooker & Thomson 1942 (lectotype in H; Nylander Herb. 35664).</p> <p> <i>Myelochroa crassata</i> (Hale) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 240, 1987. Type collection. Japan, Prov. Kozuke, Mt. Amagi, S. Kurokawa 550466 (holotype US and isotype in TNS).</p> <p> <i>Parmelia denegans</i> auct. non Nyl.: Cho SS and Lee YN, 1980.</p> <p> <i>Myelochroa xantholepis</i> auct. non (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale: Jayalal <i>et al.</i> 2012.</p> <p> For other synonyms, Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997) and Hale (1976) under <i>Parmelina irrugans</i> and <i>P. subaurulenta</i>.</p> <p>Chemistry. Race 1, atranorin, zeorin, leucotylic acid and its derivatives, and secalonic acid A. Race 2, atranorin, zeorin, leucotylin and its derivatives, and secalonic acid A.</p> <p> <i>Myelochroa irrugans</i> is characterized by the lobes loosely attached to the substrata, the absence of asexual propagules and the absence of galbinic acid. Morphologically this species very much resembles <i>M. galbina</i>, which differs by the production of galbinic and salazinic acids. In addition, it is rather loosely attached to the substrate, whereas <i>M. galbina</i> is always tightly attached.</p> <p> In 2012, Jayalal <i>et al.</i> reported <i>M. xantholepis</i> (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale from South Korea and stressed that their specimens have dimorphic lobes and a pale yellow medulla. Although the Korean specimens used by them have newly found small lobes (Fig. 1), these are not the same as those found in <i>M. xantholepis</i>, which has dichotomously divided lobules (Fig. 2) toward the lobe margins (Hale, 1976). In addition, the yellow medulla of the Korean materials is different from the characteristic orange-yellow medulla observed in <i>M. xantholepis</i> (Hale, 1976). Therefore, these specimens should be simply identified with <i>M. irrugans</i>.</p> <p> Cho and Lee (1980) reported the occurrence of <i>Myelochroa denegans</i> (Nyl.) Elix & Hale under a name of <i>Parmelia denegans</i>. Although the specimen examined by them has disappeared and is unable to be traced, it is highly possible that this specimen could be identified with <i>M. irrugans</i> as they indicated the absence of soredia and isidia, and the presence of K+ yellow medulla.</p> <p> <i>Myelochroa irrugans</i> shows extensive variation in regard to thickness of the thallus, lobe width and size of mature apothecia. Among the specimens of this species, those with a narrow and thin thallus were once treated under <i>Parmelia subaurulenta</i> (= <i>M. subaurulenta</i>) and those with small apothecia as <i>P. subaurulenta</i> var. <i>myriocarpa</i> (Asahina, 1951); however, these morphological characters found in the present species have no taxonomic value for separating species as already discussed by Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997).</p> <p>This species has two chemical races characterized by differences in terpenoides (the leucotylic acid containing race and the leucotylin containing race). Both races are commonly found throughout the Korean peninsula.</p> <p> <i>Myelochroa irrugans</i> is one of the common species of <i>Myelochroa</i> in Korea. It has been reported from Korea as <i>Parmelia irrugans</i> (Lee, 1987), as <i>Parmelia subaurulenta</i> (Asahina, 1951; Kim, 1965; 1979; Park, 1976; Cho and Lee, 1980; Ban, 1983; Lee, 1987; Ri, 1988), as <i>Parmelia homogenes</i> (Kim, 1965; Cho and Lee, 1980; Ri, 1988), as <i>M. crassata</i> (Park, 1990), as <i>M. subaurulenta</i> (Park, 1990; Huneck <i>et al.</i>, 1994) and as <i>M. irrugans</i> (Park, 1990; Moon, 1998; 1999; Kashiwadani <i>et al.</i>, 2002; Hur <i>et al.</i>, 2004; Jayalal <i>et al.</i>, 2012).</p> <p> This species seems to be endemic to eastern Asia, having been reported from China, India, Japan, Nepal, Sakhalin, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand (Kurokawa and Arakawa, 1997; Jayalal <i>et al.</i>, 2012). In Korea, it grows on tree trunks and rocks including stone works and is found from lowlands to mountainous areas.</p> <p> Representative specimens examined. <b>Prov. Hamkyongnam</b>, Shihung-gun, Hamjiwon, August 2, 1934, F. Fujikawa (TNS). <b>Prov. Gangwon</b> (=Prov. Kangwon), Tongchon-gun, eastern slope of Mt. Daimond, Outer Diamond (Ohikumgang), July 28, 1934, Y. Asahina (TNS); Pyongchang-gun, Jinbu-myun, Mt. Ohdae, around Woljong temple, on bark of <i>Tsuga</i> sp., elevation 670-690 m, October 8, 1995, K.H. Moon 1962 & H. Kashiwadani (TNS); Hongcheon-gun, Nae-myeon, Myeonggae-ri, Mt. Ohdae, en route from Mt. Ohdae control office at Myounggyeri to Bukdae Temple, on bark of <i>Quercus</i> sp., elevation about 650 m, April 23, 2009, K.H. Moon 10961 (NIBR); Sokcho city, Mt. Sorak, en route from Mangyongdae to Mt. Daechongbong, on bark of <i>Quercus crispula</i>, elevation about 1000-1480 m, July 17, 1996, K.H. Moon 1076 & H. Kashiwadani (TNS); Jeongseongun, Mt. Hambaek, on bark of <i>Quercus</i> sp., elevation 1401 m, June 19, 2007, J.S. Hur 070662 (KoLRI no. 007 535, as <i>M. xantholepis</i>). <b>Seoul</b>, Chongno-gu, Mt. Pukhan-san, en route from Younhwa temple to Kumson temple, on rocks along stream, elevation about 285 m, August 24, 1997, K.H. Moon 1680 (TNS). Incheon, Ongjin-gun, Bukdo-myeon, Jangbong-ri, on bark of <i>Quercus acutissima</i>, elevation about 10 m, April 20, 2013, K.H. Moon 13354 (NIBR). <b>Prov. Chungcheongbuk</b>, Danyang-gun, Mt. Sobaek, on bark, elevation 1322 m, April 25, 2007, J.S. Hur 070344 (KoLRI no. 007489, as <i>M.</i> cf. <i>xantholepis</i>); Danyang-gun, Mt. Sobaek, on bark of <i>Quercus</i> sp., elevation 1009 m, June 10, 2007, J.S. Hur 070412 (Ko LRI no. 007274, as <i>M.</i> cf. <i>xantholepis</i>). <b>Prov. Gyongsangbuk</b>, Pohang city, Nam-gu, Homigot-myeon, Gangsa-ri, on rocks, elevation about 20 m, September 15, 2012, K.H. Moon 13442 (NIBR); Ulleung-gun, Ulleungeup, Dodong-ri, Haengnam walking track along east coast, on rocks, elevation about 5 m, June 28, 2012 (NIBR). <b>Prov. Gyongsangnam</b>, Geoje city, Jangseungpo-dong, on rocks, elevation about 50 m, September 12, 2012, K.H. Moon 13368 (NIBR). <b>Prov. Jeonllanam</b>, Yeosu city, Geomun-do, on rock, elevation 61 m, March 24, 2007, J.S. Hur 070150 (KoLRI no. 007137, as <i>M.</i> cf. <i>xantholepis</i>); Gohung-gun, Podu-myeon, Namseong-ri, around Geumtap-sa temple, on rocks, elevation about 100 m, October 18, 2013, K.H. Moon 13867 (NIBR); Sinan-gun, Heuksan-myeon, Jin-ri, Is. Heuksan en route from Ye-ri to Jin-ri, on rocks, elevation about 4 m, July 29, 2008, K.H. Moon 10560 (NIBR). <b>Prov. Jeju</b> (=Prov. Cheju), Mt. Halla, en route from Youngshil Rest Area to Witsae Oreum Shelter, on bark of <i>Quercus</i> sp., elevation 1280-1650 m, May 24, 2001, K.H. Moon 5934 (TNS); Jeju city, Jocheon-eup, Seonheul-ri, around Seonheul pond, on bark of <i>Prunus</i> sp., elevation about 180 m, May 24, 2012, K.H. Moon 13025 (NIBR).</p>Published as part of <i>Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1)</i> on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8120342">http://zenodo.org/record/8120342</a&gt

Myelochroa hayachinensis Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon

Myelochroa hayachinensis (Kurok.) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 240, 1987. Basinonym: Parmelia hyachinensis Kurok., J. Jpn. Bot. 43: 350, 1968. Type collection: Japan. Honshu. Prov. Rikuchu: Kadomaguchi, Mt. Hayachine. Elevation about 970 m, July 25, 1967. S. Kurokawa 67081 (holotype TNS!). For other synonyms, Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997). Chemistry. Atranorin, galbinic acid, zeorin, leucotylin and its derivatives, salazinic acid and secalonic acid A. Myelochroa hayachinensis resembles M. leucotyliza in having pustules on the thallus; however, it can be distinguished from the latter by producing galbinic acid and having moniliform cells in the medulla. As pointed out by Kurokawa (1968), this species is the pustulate morph of M. galbina. Myelochroa hayachinensis has been reported only from Korea and Japan. It has been considered to belong to the Koreo-Japanese element as reported by Moon (1999). In Korea, M. hayachinensis was first reported from Mt. Halla in Jeju Island by Park (1990). It has been reported from only three localities in Korea; the other two being Mt. Pukhan, Seoul (Moon, 1998) and Mt. Backwoon (Jayalal et al., 2012). Specimens examined. Seoul, Songbuk-gu, Mt. Pukhan-san, on bark of Quercus mongolica along Chongnung stream, elevation about 240 m, August 24, 1997, K.H. Moon 1672 (TNS); Prov. Gyonggy (=Prov. Kyonggi), Koyang city, Mt. Pukhan-san, around Wonhyo temple, on bark of Quercus serrata, elevation about 250 m, July 24, 1997, K.H. Moon 2453 (TNS). Prov. Gyongsangnam, Milyang city, Sannae-myeon, Samyang-ri, Mt. Gaji, Route Ocheonpyeong Rock, on rocks, elevation about 310 m, September 8, 2009, K.H. Moon 11315 (NIBR). Prov. Jeollanam, Gohung-gun, Podu-myeon, Namseong-ri, en route from Mabok-sa temple to summit area, on rock with mosses, elevation about 200 m, October 20, 2013, K.H. Moon 13946 (NIBR). Prov. Jeju (=Prov. Cheju), Namcheju-gun, Namwon-up, Mt. Halla, along trail of Songpanak route to the summit, on bark of Quercus sp., elevation about 900 m, May 28, 2001, H. Kashiwadani 43721 (TNS).Published as part of Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, http://zenodo.org/record/812034

Myelochroa galbina Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon

Myelochroa galbina (Ach.) Elix & Hale, Mycotaxon 29: 240, 1987. Basinonym: Parmelia galbina Ach., Syn. meth. lich.: 195, 1814. Type collection: North America (Pennsylvania?), Muhlenberg (lectotype in H, Acharius Herb.!). For other synonyms, see Hale (1976) and Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997). Chemistry. Atranorin, galbinic acid, zeorin, leucotylin and its derivatives, salazinic acid and secalonic acid A. Myelochroa galbina is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by the thallus without asexual propagules, the P + reaction of the medulla, the presence of galbinic acid and the formation of moniliform cells in the medulla. Hale (1976) reported the occurrence of leucotylin in this species. Kurokawa and Arakawa (1997) found irregular occurrence of this substance for Japanese specimens; instead of leucotylin, they demonstrated leucotylic acid in 11 of 20 Japanese specimens. In contrast, Korean material always produces leucotylin. In Korea, M. galbina has been reported as Parmelia galbina (Lee, 1987) or M. galbina (Park, 1990; Moon, 1999; Kashiwadani et al., 2002; Jayalal et al., 2012). Myelochroa galbina has a disjunctive distribution in eastern Asia and eastern North America (Kurokawa, 1972; Moon, 1999). In Asia, it has been reported from southern China, Taiwan and Nepal (Kurokawa and Arakawa, 1997). Myelochroa galbina seems to be rather rare in Korea, where it has been collected in Gangwon (Moon, 1999) and Jeju (Kashiwadani et al., 2002) provinces and on Mt. Jiri (Lee, 1987; Jayalal et al., 2012). Specimens examined. Prov. Gangwon (=Prov. Kangwon), Inje-gun, Mt. Sorak, Paektam temple area, on bark along stream, elevation about 420 m, October 6, 1995, K.H. Moon 390 & H. Kashiwadani (TNS); Inje-gun, Mt. Sorak, Paektam temple area, on bark along stream, elevation about 430 m, October 21, 2006, K.H. Moon 9156 (NIBR). Prov. Jeju (=Prov. Cheju) Mt. Halla, en route from Witsae Oreum Shelter to Eorimok, on bark of Carpinus sp., elevation about 1000 m, May 24, 2001, K.H. Moon 5823 (TNS); Namcheju-gun, Namwon-up, Mt. Halla, along trail of Songpanak route to the summit, on decayed wood, elevation about 900 m, May 28, 2001, K.H. Moon 5920 (TNS).Published as part of Moon, Kwang Hee, Ahn, Chorong & Kashiwadani, Hiroyuki, 2015, Revision of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) in Korea, pp. 23-32 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.023, http://zenodo.org/record/812034