Growth, yield, and water use of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) as influenced by rooting volume

Many experiments are conducted in simulated confined spaces to provide controlled environments where plants are grown in pots with limited rooting volume to characterise fundamental physiological responses of plants to stress conditions such as soil water, soil salinity, irrigation water salinity, and plant nutrition. However, rooting volume in the pots can have a limiting effect on overall plant growth to varying degrees. This study was undertaken to quantify the effects of widely differing rooting volume on growth, yield, and water use of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentuts). Eggplant and okra experiments were conducted similarly, but as separate experiments. Both plants were grown in 3.6-litre (P1), 16-litre (P2), 36-litre (P3), and 52-litre (P4) pots. For eggplant and okra, evapotranspiration (ET) and all of the growth parameters including plant height, stem diameter, root and vegetative dry weight, root length, number of branches and fruit, and fruit yield significantly increased with increasing rooting volume. Pot volume started to affect plant height and ET after 3 weeks from transplanting. For both experiments, the highest yield and the highest yield based water-use efficiency (WUE(yield)) were obtained from the P4 and P3 treatments, respectively. The highest WUE based on total biomass (WUE(biomass)) was obtained from the P4 and P3 treatment of eggplant and okra, respectively. Both experiments exhibited similar morphological changes such as decreases in plant height, stem diameter, branching, root and vegetative dry weight, and root length to root restriction. As a result of this study it can be concluded that a pot size of 36 litres (P3) may be enough for okra growth, but even a 52-litre (P4) pot size may not provide unrestricted rooting volume for eggplant growth

Salinity and drought affect yield response of bell pepper similarly

There is a growing realization that an increasing number of countries are approaching full utilization of their conventional water resources and that the quantity of good-quality water supplies available to agriculture is diminishing. Effects of irrigation regime and irrigation water salinity on bell pepper including yield, fruit number and quality, vegetative and root growth, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency were investigated in this study by conducting two different experiments. Six different salinity levels of irrigation water and four different irrigation regimes were used as treatments. Considering the results from irrigation water salinity experiment, it can be concluded that as soil salinity increases, water consumption, water use efficiency, yield and other vegetative growth parameters of bell pepper were decreased. A polynomial relationship between soil salinity and water consumption was observed. It was found that bell pepper is moderately sensitive to salinity with a 1.2 dS m(-1) threshold and a 10.9% slope value. In the irrigation regime experiment, limited irrigation caused decreases in water consumption, yield and vegetative growth of bell pepper. Yield response factors were close in the cases of irrigation regime (1.50) and irrigation water salinity (1.40). Total soluble solids of bell pepper were increased due to both irrigation water salinity and water application rate but not dry matter ratio. Considerable water consumption decreases because of salinity were determined. Therefore, the effect of irrigation water salinity should be considered in irrigation management to prevent excess saline water application and to protect the environment

Green Long Pepper Growth under Different Saline and Water Regime Conditions and Usability of Water Consumption in Plant Salt Tolerance

Both electrical conductivity of soil saturation paste extract (ECe) and plant water consumption (ET) should be considered for assessing crop yield tolerances to salinity since ET decreases by increased salinity effects. In this study, conducted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions, it was afforded to use soil salinity and water consumption for the purpose of assessing plant responses to salinity. Additionally, growth and yield of green long pepper (Capsicum annuum L. Demre) under different saline and water regime conditions were examined. For these purposes, the green long pepper were exposed to six water salinity levels (S-1 = 0.65; S-2 = 2.0; S-3 = 3.0; S-4 = 4.0; S-5 = 5.0 and S-6 = 7.0 dS m(-1)) and four water application rates (IR1 = 1.43; IR2 = 1.0; IR3 = 0.75 and IR4 = 0.50 times of depleted water). The yield response factor (K-y), is 1.56 for salinity stress and 1.66 for water stress. Water consumption of the plant exponentially decreased (ET=0.83xEC(e)(-0.17)) whereas relative fruit yield decreased linearly (7.03%) for unit increase in soil salinity after a threshold value of 1.20 dS m(-1). A stronger three-dimensional relation was found among relative yield, relative water consumption and soil salinity (R-2= 0.94). Using water consumption as a second factor in evaluation of plant response to salinity may be useful for reflecting effects of different climatic conditions

RESPONSE OF PEA (PISUM SATIVUM) TO SALINITY AND IRRIGATION WATER REGIME

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different salinity and irrigation water regime on yield, plant growth and water consumption of pea (Pisum sativum). Commercial variety of Rona was used as plant material. Salinity and irrigation water regime experiments were set up in pots as randomized plot experimantel designs with five replications. The first experiment focused on pea responses to irrigation water salinity by irrigating the crops using five different levels of saline water (0.7, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 7.0 dS m(-1)) with a constant leaching fraction (LF = 0.30). The other experiment was conducted to determine pea responses to irrigation regime

Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to salinity and irrigation regimes

The effects of salinity and irrigation regimes on yield, growth, and water consumption of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were determined in two different experiments. The first experiment focused on cowpea responses to irrigation water with six different levels of salinity (0.7, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 7.0 dS m(-1)). In the second experiment four different amounts of water (1.43, 1.0, 0.75, and 0.50 times of depleted water) were applied to cowpea plants. Seed and pod yields of cowpea decreased significantly for the soil salinity values higher than 9.0 dS m(-1). As soil salinity increased, water consumption of cowpea decreased. Therefore, the effect of salinity in lowering evapotranspiration should be considered in irrigation planning and scheduling of cowpea. Either excessive or limited water applications caused decreases in seed and pod yields of cowpea. Yield response factor (KY), from the relationships between relative evapotranspiration and relative yield decrease, were 0.98 and 0.92 for pod and seed yields, respectively. It is concluded that cowpea is tolerant to water stress in terms of seed and pod yields

Leaf area modeling of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown under different stress conditions by soft computing approaches

Some leaf area (LA) estimation models have been developed for different plants under optimum conditions,but to date, none has been developed to model for those grown under stress conditions. In this study, LA of bell pepper grown under different levels of irrigation water salinity (IWS) and irrigation regimes (IR) were estimated by means of comparing different procedures including a simple model derived from ellipse area (EM),parabolic model (PM), geometric model (GM), multiple linear regression analysis (MLR), and artificial neural networks (ANN).To this end,two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions.First,the LA of bell peppers grown under five IWS levels were identified.In the second experiment,LA was determined under four different IR. Besides the general models elicited from EM,PM,GM, MLR, and ANN for each stress condition,prediction modelsofthebellpeppersforeachtreatmentunderbothstressconditionsalsowerevalidated.Performanceof the models also were evaluated using root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE),coefficient of determination (R2) and a Taylor diagram,which illustrates the accuracy of the models in a concise statistical analys is of how well the correlation (r) and standard deviation (SD) patterns match. Based on these results,the ANN model produced more reliable LA estimations compared to MLR, EM,PM,and GM. The R2, RMSE and MAE values were ranged 0.96–0.99,1.05–2.99 cm2, and 0.78–1.12 cm2 in all ANN models.Overall, the ANN models are a valuable tool to investigate and understand the estimation of the LA of the bell peppers grown under different levels of IWS and IR.</div

Growth and evapotranspiration of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as influenced by salinity of irrigation water

The effects of irrigation water salinity on growth, yield, and water consumption of okra was investigated with a pot experiment. For this purpose, five irrigation water salinity levels with electrical conductivities of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, and 7.0 dS/m and tap water as a control treatment were used in a randomized design with five replications. Irrigation practices were realized by considering the weight of each pot. Threshold soil salinity and slope values of the yield response to soil salinity level were determined to be 3.48 dS/m and 4.2%, respectively, for fruit yield, 4.24 dS/m and 7.0% for vegetative dry weight, and 6.0 dS/m and 7.9% for root dry weight. The results revealed that okra was moderately tolerant to salinity. Increasing soil salinity levels caused significant decreases in plant water consumption. Plant water consumption decreased by 2.43% per unit increase in soil salinity. Plant coefficient (K-y) was 1.26. Saline irrigation water treatments altered Cl, Mg, Ca, and Na accumulations in leaves, whereas only Na accumulation in fruits was observed

Tokat-Kazova’da Taban Suyu Gözlemlerinin CBS Yöntemleriyle Yapılması ve Yorumlanması

ÖZET Türkiye’de DSİ tarafından sulamaya açılan alanlarda taban suyu gözlemleri rutin şekilde her yıl yapılmaktadır. Bu gözlemlere dayalı olarak taban suyu seviyesinin ve su kalitesinin değişimi izlenmekte ve proje alanında drenaj sistemlerinin çalışma etkinliği hakkında fikir edinilmektedir. Bu çalışmayla Taban Suyu Gözlemlerinin yapılmasında ve yorumlanmasında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Arazi çalışması öncesinde araştırma alanı olarak seçilen Kazova’nın altlık olarak sayısallaştırılmış haritaları hazırlanmış ve sonra arazide GPS cihazı ile gözlem yapılan kuyuların coğrafi koordinatları belirlenmiştir. Gözlem kuyularında 2006 yılı Temmuz ve Eylül aylarında, taban suyu gözlemleri yapılmıştır ve su örnekleri alınmıştır.. Gözlemler bilgisayar ortamında ArcGIS 9.2 programı kullanılarak işlenmiş ve her bir dönem için taban suyu eş yükseklik, taban suyu eş derinlik ve taban suyu tuzluluk haritaları elde edilerek gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanının sadece %5-7’sinde taban suyu tuzluluğu 2 dSm-1 den yüksek bulunmuştur. CBS yazılımları ile büro çalışmalarında eskisine göre daha kısa sürede ve daha kolay yorumlanabilir ve kaliteli haritalar elde edilebilmiştir.&nbsp;&nbsp;Anahtar kelimeler: Yeraltı sularının izlenmesi, Taban suyu tuzluluğu, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)&nbsp;&nbsp;ABSTRACT In Turkey, water table level and quality monitoring in the irrigated lands are done by DSI regularly. This monitoring observations water table level and quality provides information to assessment working efficiency of drainage systems of irrigated land. In this study, Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to collect and to assess water table observations. Before survey, topographic maps digitized and used as a&nbsp; base cartographic material. During data collection hand GPS receiver was used to determine geographic location of&nbsp; ground water well. Observations of water table depth and water samples were collected in July and September of 2006. Water table contour maps, depth-to-water table maps and water table salinity maps were prepared by using ArcGIS 9.2 software for two observation periods.&nbsp; In the study area only 5-7 % of the groundwater was found higher than 2 dSm-1 . GIS software reduced office work time and increased quality of prepared maps.&nbsp;Keywords: Groundwater monitoring, groundwater salinity, Geographic Information systems(GIS)&nbsp;</p

SIW Tuzluluk ve Sodiklik Analiz Ünitesi ile Toprak ve Sulama Suyu Tuzluluğunun Belirlenmesi

ÖZET Yeryüzünde sulanan alanların önemli kısmında tuzluluk ya da sodyumluluk sorunları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sorunlarla baş edebilmek için öncelikle sulanan alanlarda söz konusu sorunların tipinin, yayılımının ve şiddetinin belirlenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Halen kullanılmakta olan ve geçerliliğini koruyan klasik yöntemlerle tuzluluğun ve sodyumluluğun belirlenmesi uzun süre alması yanında yorucu ve masraflı olmaktadır. Bu nedenle sulanan alanlarda tuzlulukla ilgili problemlerin izlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Tuzluluğun ve sodyumluluğun daha kısa sürede ve daha basit şekilde teşhis edilmesini sağlamak için geliştirilen ve “SIW Tuzluluk ve Sodiklik Analiz Ünitesi” adı verilen bir yöntem son yıllarda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yöntemde daha az miktarda toprakla saturasyon çamuru karılmakta, belirli hacimdeki kap içerisinde saturasyon çamuru elektriksel iletkenliği ölçülerek toprak tuzluluğu tahmin edilmektedir. Saturasyon çamuru içerisinde Na ve pH elektrotları ile sıcaklık, Na ve pH okumaları da yapılmaktadır.&nbsp; Okunan değerler bir paket programına girilerek toprak saturasyon yüzdesi, toprak tuzluluğu, toprak reaksiyonu, sodyum miktarı ve Sodyum adsorpsiyon oranı (SAR) belirlenmektedir. Söz konusu ünite toprak tuzluluk analizi yanında sulama sularında da tuzluluk analizi yapılmasına imkan vermektedir. Bu araştırmada klasik yöntemle yapılan toprak tuzluluk analizleri ile SIW Tuzluluk ve Sodiklik Analiz Ünitesi sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre SIW Tuzluluk ve Sodiklik Analiz Ünitesiyle topraklarda EC,&nbsp; pH, Na ve SAR değerleri yeterli doğrulukta belirlenmiştir. Sulama suları analizinde ise tuzluluğun belirlenmesinde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.&nbsp;&nbsp;ABSTRACT&nbsp; Salinity and/or sodicity are the problems occurring in many irrigated areas of the world. The information on type, extend and severity of the problems in irrigated areas should be determined to overcome such problems. The assessment of salinity and sodicity with the methods used conventionally is difficulty, expensive and time consuming. Therefore, monitoring and assessment of the salinity in irrigated areas are important issues. The method called “SIW Salinity appraisal and sodicity analysis Package” has been recently designed to easily and rapidly diagnosis salinity and sodicity. The method requires small amount of soil as compared to conventional 309 methods used in preparation of saturation paste, and salinity is measured in saturation paste.&nbsp; Soil reaction (pH), temperature and Na content of the saturation paste are also measured with special pH-temperature and Na electrodes. Software with this package is used to determine saturation percent, soil salinity, soil reaction, Na content and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Irrigation water salinity can also be determined as well as soil salinity with the same package. In this study, the data obtained by SIW method and conventional methods were evaluated and statically compared to reveal the accuracy of the methods. The results further indicated that SIW method can confidentially be used to determine soil salinity, soil reaction, soil Na content and SAR. This package can also be used to determine irrigation water salinity as an EC/pH meter.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p

Salinity Change in Different Soil Layers of Tomato Irrigated with Salty Water

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stress factors that limit crop productivity, especially affecting the growth of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. These adverse effects of salt stress, which affects growth and development due to osmotic and ion stress in plants depend on the variety of salt, stress level and duration, development stage of genotype of plant which is exposed stress. Chance of survival of plants can reduce if metabolic events, especially photosynthetic activity on plants which are exposed to salinity are affected. In this study, determination of salinity change in the tomato root zone depending on the soil layers in different depth was handled. The research was carried out in a greenhouse. In the study, salty irrigation water was applied by drip irrigation method. Treatments were 0.7 dS/m (Salinity, S1), 1.5 dS/m (S2), 3.0 dS/m (S3) and 6.0 dS/m (S4) according to the electrical conductivity of water salinity. The study was set up in a random parcels design with three replications. In order to evaluate the salt accumulation in the soil, samples were taken at different depths of the plant root zone. Then, EC readings were realized from these saturated paste extracts. As a result of the research, it was determined that different irrigation water salinity applications were caused different salt accumulations in the soil. At the end of the season, the highest salinity value (7.61 dS/m) was measured for S4&nbsp;whereas the lowest salinity value (1.66 dS/m) for S1