Upgrading of an Extended Aeration System to Improve Wastewater Treatment

According to this study, an extended aeration system can be upgraded by adding surface turbine aerators to the tanks and building new primary sedimentation tanks. Moreover, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) were also observed to be 440, 682, and 212 mg/L after primary settling, respectively. These values represent the removal of about 35% of the organic load and about 68% of the suspended solids, which reduces the organic load and sediments entering the secondary treatment. Furthermore, effluent BOD5, COD, and TSS values were 30, 47, and 32 mg/L respectively, while those permitted values are 60 mg/L of BOD5, 80 mg/L of COD, and 50 mg/L of TSS reflecting the success of the upgrading work

Studies on Plant Cover of Wadi Umm El-Rakham in The Northwestern Coast of Egypt

The present investigation was carried out to study the phytosociological characteristics of the range land in Wadi Umm El-Rakham, in Northwestern coast of Egypt during spring 2004 - fall 2005. Thirty eight plant species belong to 17 families were found in Wadi Umm El-Rakham. Eighteen species were annuals and 20 species were perennials. A total of 18 species were palatable, the rest were not. Among annulus, 11 species were palatable, whereas among perennials seven species only were palatable. Fresh and dry foliage yield, species density, frequency, herbage cover and the importance value as well as their relative values were determined in the different locations in the wadi (i.e. top, ridge and wadi bed).  All these traits recorded their highest value in the wadi bed location during spring season of both years 2004 and 2005. Meanwhile, the lowest values of all these traits were recorded in the wadi top location. Significant interaction was noticed among the studied factors i.e. year, location and season) in wadi bed location during spring season of both years.      ÂÂ

An efficient route for the synthesis of some monoazo disperse dyes derived from nicotinic acid derivatives

Ethyl 2-amino-3-cyano-4-phenylnicotinates (8), could be readily synthesized via reacting ethyl propiolate with benzylidenemalononitrile in the presence of L-proline as a catalyst and subsequent rearrangement of the so formed 2-aminopyran (7), with acetic acid in the presence of ammonium acetate. A series of 2-amino and 2-hydroxyarylazonicotinates monoazo disperse dyes (12a-c), were prepared in a good yields via condensation of arylhydrazonals (11a-c), with active methylene nitriles. The compound 9 was also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Crystal data for compound 9, C15H18O6 (M = 294.29): hexagonal, space group P65 (no. 170), a = 11.3311(5) Å, c = 19.5375(10) Å, V = 2172.42(18) Å3, Z = 6, T = 296(2) K, μ(MoKα) = 0.879 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.350 g/mm3, 4546 reflections measured (9.02 ≤ 2Θ ≤ 132.96), 2271 unique (Rint = 0.0921) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0686 (>2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1691 (all data)

Evaluating Performance of Different Filter Media Stratification for Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater

The use of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is one of the methods used to reduce the scarcity of fresh water. In this study, the different filtration media of sand, anthracite, granular activated carbon (GAC) and rice straw with a sub-base of gradual gravel supported each were used. In addition, the filtration efficiency was evaluated according to the treated water quality tests. As such, different filtration rates were parameterized to obtain the best operating conditions after ensuring that treated wastewater meets with the standard specifications for irrigation. The results indicated that the optimal filtration rate is 175 m / day, which achieves the appropriate quality of treated wastewater for the water characteristics examined according to the standard specifications of irrigation water. In addition, rice straw supported by a sand base is considered a practicable filtration media. However, the results of analyses of total solids in water did not match to Egyptian standards when using rice straw with sand as a filtration medium. Therefore, it is recommended to follow the filtration process using rice straw as a filtration medium with another stage of sand filtration to ensure the total solids comply with the standards

Some Chemical Aspects of Tetrahydro-1-thiopyran-4-one Derivatives

3,5-Diarylmethylene-2,6-diphenyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-thiones, 2, reacted with two or four moles of bromine to form 3-aryimethylene 5-bromoarylmethylene- 2,6-dipheny1tetrahydrothiopyran- -4-thione, 3, and 3-arylmethylene-5-bromoarylmethylene-2,6-dibromo- 2,6-diphenyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-thione, 5, respectively. Compound 2a reacted with amines giving 2,6-diphenyl-5-iminophenylmethyl- 3-phenylmethylenetetrahydrothiopyran-4-thiones, 6. Diphenydiazomethane and 9-diazofluorene converted 2a into 4-diphenylethylene- 2,6-dipheny1-3,5 diphenylmethylenetetrahydrothiopyran, 7, and 2,6-diphenyl-3,5-diphenylmethylene-4-(9-fluorenylidene) tetrahydrothiopyran, 8, respectively. Compounds 2 with copper-bronze afforded 3,3\u27,5,5\u27-tetraarylmethylene-2,2\u27 ,6,6\u27-tetraphenyl-Lr-thio- 4,4\u27 dipyranylidenes

Energy Production from Sewage Sludge in a Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant

The implemented technologies for sewage sludge processing are still very limited in Egypt. Unfortunately, dealing with the produced sludge is mainly given to the drying process through natural drying beds neglecting quality of the dried sludge. The undertaken work is devoted to provide a design proposal for a typical wastewater treatment plant suitable for the small communities on a very limited area of land compared to that required to construct the conventional treatment plant that serves the same population. The proposed sewage treatment plant is certainly beneficial in reducing the capital costs by 26%, in addition to about 20% reduction in the running costs. On the other hand, electricity generated from energy produced by anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge reduces the electrical power requirements from the main grid network to about 27% in the proposed wastewater treatment plant

The effect of dispersing agent on the dyeing of polyester fabrics with disperse dyes derived from 1,4-diethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

1,4-Diethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (8), is synthesized by reacting ethyl cyanoacetate with ethyl amine to produce the amide 4, which when reacted with methyl propionylacetate, afforded compound 8. Compound 8 is then coupled with aromatic diazonium salts to give the corresponding arylhydrazono-1,4-diethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile disperse dyes, 11a-d, whose structures were elucidated by using X-ray crystal structure determinations. A high temperature dyeing method was employed to apply these dyes for polyester fabrics. The relationship between dyeing properties and the concentration of dispersing agent present in a dye bath is evaluated

Arylazoazines and arylazoazoles as interesting disperse dyes: Recent developments with emphasis on our contribution laboratory outcomes

In this review, we report a survey on the synthesis and application of arylazoazines and arylazoazoles as versatile disperse dyes. Recent reports on the synthesis of arylazonicotinates via condensing arylhydrazonals with active methylene nitriles in acetic acid in presence of ammonium acetate is surveyed. The scope and limitations of this synthetic approach which in some cases afford pyridazinones or arylazonicotinates is defined. Microwave assisted as well as ultra sound assisted synthesis of arylazopyridones as established marketed dyes is also surveyed. Conversion of these arylazopyridones into arylazothienopyridones that can de converted into arylazoisoquinoline derivatives is discussed. Synthesis of arylazopyrazoles and pyrazolopyrimidines via microwave or ultra sound is discussed. The utility of the synthesized compounds as well as antimicrobial disperse dyes and efforts to define their potentialities are also covered

Green methodologies in organic synthesis: Microwave assisted solvent- and catalyst-free synthesis of enaminones and their conversion into 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzenes as well as 3-aroyl-6-substituted pyridines

Enaminones were obtained in good yields via condensing methyl ketones with (N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal) DMF-DMA under microwave irradiation in absence of solvent. These enaminones were readily converted into 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzenes. Reacting enaminones in presence of ammonium acetate has afforded pyridine derivatives