Recognition techniques for online Arabic handwriting recognition systems

Online recognition of Arabic handwritten text has been an on-going research problem for many years. Generally, online text recognition field has been gaining more interest lately due to the increasing popularity of hand-held computers, digital notebooks and advanced cellular phones. However, different techniques have been used to build several online handwritten recognition systems for Arabic text, such as Neural Networks, Hidden Markov Model, Template Matching and others. Most of the researches on online text recognition have divided the recognition system into these three main phases which are preprocessing phase, feature extraction phase and recognition phase which considers as the most important phase and the heart of the whole system. This paper presents and compares techniques that have been used to recognize the Arabic handwriting scripts in online recognition systems. Those techniques attempt to recognize Arabic handwritten words, characters, digits or strokes. The structure and strategy of those reviewed techniques are explained in this article. The strengths and weaknesses of using these techniques will also be discussed

Ethical issues in e-learning.

E-Iearning is becoming a fast growing sector of higher education. Although there are many advantages of e-Iearning, yet there are some ethical issues related to e-Iearning. This paper provides a general overview of such ethical issues. It also provides some strategies to overcome them

Improving knowledge extraction of Hadith classifier using decision tree algorithm

Decision tree algorithms have the ability to deal with missing values. While this ability is considered to be advantage, the extreme effort which is required to achieve it is considered a drawback. With the missing values the correct branch could be missed. Therefore, enhanced mechanisms must be employed to handle these values. Moreover, ignoring these null values may cause critical decision to user. Especially for the cases that belong to religion. The present study proposed Hadith classifier which is a method to classify such Hadith into four major classes Sahih, Hasan, Da'ef and Maudo' according to the status of its Isnad ( narrators chain ). This research provided a novel mechanism to deal with missing data in Hadith database. The experiment applied C4.5 algorithm to extract the rules of classification. The findings showed that the accurate rate of the naïvebyes classifier has been improved by the proposed approach with 46.54%. Meanwhile, DT classifier had achieved 0.9% better than naïvebyes classifier

Novel mechanism to improve Hadith classifier performance

Abstract— Muslims believe that the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (SAAW) is the second of the two revealed fundamental sources of Islam, after the Holy Qur'an. Hadith provides a Gold Standard "ground truth" for Artificial Intelligent (AI) knowledge extraction and knowledge representation experiments. In the present study, the extracted Islamic knowledge represented the focal point of the research; three famous books in Hadith science framed the corpus of the study. This study attempted to explore new approach to classify Hadith using a combination of the expert system and data mining techniques to classify Hadith according to its validity degree (Sahih, Hasan, Da'eef and Maudo'), the proposed Hadith Classifier model was built through learning process, Decision Tree (DT) classifier modeling had been represented by the tree structure model, and the attributes of the instances originally were obtained from the source books. Whilst some attributes were indicated as null values, or missing values. A novel mechanism called missing data detector (MDD) was employed to handle these missing data. This mechanism simulated the Isnad verification methods in Hadith science. The results of the research were compared with the resource books, concurrently with the point of view of the experts in the Hadith science. The findings of the research showed that the performance of DT Hadith classifier had significant effect with MDD, the CCR was sharply increased from (50.1502 %) to (97.597%) Furthermore, the favorable obtained results indicated that the DT Modeling is a viable approach to classify Hadith due to the ease of rules induction and results interpretation

Assessing organizations readiness toward business intelligence systems: a proposed hypothesized model

Nowadays, the concept of Business Intelligence (BI) is being implemented within many organizations around the globe. Organizations invest billions of US dollars aiming to improve their timeliness and quality of the input to the decision process, where BI is the targeted keyword. However, organizations are often faced with many challenges in achieving the expected outcomes of BI systems within their firms. Here, one of the most cumbersome obstacles is the organizations’ readiness toward BI systems. Therefore, it is highly justified to assess organization’s readiness toward BI systems to avoid any loss and to enhance the overall revenue. This paper presents a brief history on BI systems and the challenges of their implementation within organizations. A review and analysis of models for assessing organizations’ readiness toward BI systems is established to understand their weakness and strength points. Finally, this paper proposes a hypothesized framework for solving readiness assessment issues within organizations which will be evaluated in the coming studies

Surface Wave Minimizing in 2x2 Microstrip Antenna Array

Key research area is improving band width and gain in design of microstrip patch antennas. reducing surface waves, which can be excitation in patch antennas, by using Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures ,which increasing the band width and gain . The surface of EBG are selective in supporting surface waves. The paper analyses the performance of 2x2 microstrip antenna array with and without EBG cells . It is observed the performance of the 2x2 antenna array with EBG is found to be better as compared to microstrip antenna array without EBG . Simulation results show improvements in the band width and gain, redusing surface wave means reduction in mutual coupling between elements in antenna array. in this work using HFSS software to simulated the antennas array . Keywords: (EBG), Microstrip antenna array ,Mutual coupling , Surface waves, HFSS

Radiation Patterns Account of a Circular Microstrip Antenna Loaded Two Annular

In this paper, theoretical study of circular microstrip antenna loaded two annular (CMSAL2AR) and calculation of the radiation pattern using principle equivalence with moment of method formulation of electromagnetic radiation in this these based on the bodies of revolution (BoR), which are generated by revolution a planar curve about an axis called axis of symmetry to solving the electric fields integral equation (EFIE) and magnetic field integral equation (MFIE). To find an unknown electric current density  on the conductor surface ,and both unknowns electric and magnetic density  current on the dielectric surface which are  responsible for the generation of far fields radiation in the space for the components (Eθ ,Eφ) ,the surface currents was represented by a set of basis functions that give the Fourier series because the body has a circular symmetry property and then select a set of weighted  functions to find a linear system by using.......

Designing a Microstrip Patch Antenna in Part of Ultra-Wideband Applications

في هذه الدراسة، أجريت دراسة محاكاة لتصميم هوائي شريطي مع رقعة مستطيلة لولبية جديدة والذي يُستخدم في تطبيقات النطاق الترددي العريض الفائق وباستخدام برنامج محاكاة التراكيب عالية التردد (high frequency structure simulator software (HFSS)) . تم استخدام شريحة عازلة بقيمة ثابت عزل يساوي 4.4 وارتفاع 2.10 ملم لتصميم الهوائي المقترح. أن أساس التصميم يستند على زيادة عرض النطاق الترددي ضمن الحزمة الترددية 6.63 - 10.93 كيكاهرتز من خلال زيادة مناطق الحافة للمشع والتي تؤثر إيجابًا على كفاءة الهوائي. أن هذا التصميم يجعل تكلفة تصميم الهوائي اقل من خلال تقليل مساحة المشع. لاحظنا أن عرض النطاق الترددي للهوائي في هذه الدراسة يزداد إلى 4.30 كيكاهرتز أو ما يعادل 61٪ مقارنةً بالنسبة 3.6٪ الناتجة عن الهوائي الشريطي المستطيل القياسي مع نفس أبعاد الهوائي المقترح. أن الهوائي المقترح حافظ على نسبة موجة الفولتية القياسية الواقفة (voltage standing wave ratio) وهي 1.09 عند التردد الرنيني  7.7  كيكاهيرتز، وعامل الفقد 27.07  ديسبل، وان قيمة الجزء الحقيقي والخيالي للممانعة هي 51.5  أوم و 3.3  أوم ، على الترتيب.In this work, a simulated study was carried out for designing a novel spiral rectangular patch of microstrip antenna that is used in ultra-wideband applications by using a high frequency structure simulator software (HFSS). A substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and height 2.10 mm (commercial substrate height available is about 0.8-1.575 mm) has been used for the design of the proposed antenna. The design basis for enhancing bandwidth in the frequency range 6.63 - 10.93 GHz is based on increasing the edge areas that positively affect the antenna's efficiency. This design makes the designed antenna cost less by reducing the area of the patch. It has been noticed that the bandwidth of the antenna under this study is increasing to 4.30 GHz or 61% compared with 3.6% for the standard rectangular microstrip antenna with the same dimensions of the proposed antenna. The antenna also maintains the voltage standing wave ratio of 1.09 at resonant frequency 7.07 GHz, return loss -27.07 dB, and the amount of impedance in real and imaginary parts 51.5Ω and 3.3Ω, respectively