An intrusion detection system for packet and flow based networks using deep neural network approach

Study on deep neural networks and big data is merging now by several aspects to enhance the capabilities of intrusion detection system (IDS). Many IDS models has been introduced to provide security over big data. This study focuses on the intrusion detection in computer networks using big datasets. The advent of big data has agitated the comprehensive assistance in cyber security by forwarding a brunch of affluent algorithms to classify and analysis patterns and making a better prediction more efficiently. In this study, to detect intrusion a detection model has been propounded applying deep neural networks. We applied the suggested model on the latest data set available at online, formatted with packet based, flow based data and some additional metadata. The data set is labeled and imbalanced with 79 attributes and some classes having much less training samples compared to other classes. The proposed model is build using Keras and Google Tensorflow deep learning environment. Experimental result shows that intrusions are detected with the accuracy over 99% for both binary and multi-class classification with selected best features. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and precision-recall curve average score is also 1. The outcome implies that Deep Neural Networks offers a novel research model with great accuracy for intrusion detection model, better than some models presented in the literature

Modelization and characterization of photovoltaic panels

This work presents the characterization and modelization of photovoltaic panels in order to study their behaviors. Its purpose is to obtain an enhanced and more efficient parameters model of PV. It describes and implements their physical modeling and mathematical modeling. The effects of external and internal parameters variation on the panel is analyzed and briefly discussed. The produced model can be used for measuring and understanding the actions of photovoltaic cells for certain changes and parameters extraction. The white noise effect and its related output characteristics are explained. The curve fitting approximation with different polynomial method is shown. A non-iterative MPPT algorithm is proposed and implemented also. The simulation is achieved by using MATLAB and SIMULINK programming. An experimental work is also done in order to get the closure and insight about the produced model and to decide upon the validity of the discussed model and algorithm; RESUMO: Modelização e Caracterização de Panéis Fotovoltaicos O presente trabalho consiste na modelação e caracterização de painéis fotovoltaicos para estudar os seus comportamentos. Neste trabalho, propõe-se obter uma estimativo eficiente dos parâmetros que caracterizam o painel fotovoltaico. A modelação física e matemática do painel é descrita e implementada. O efeito que a variação dos parâmetros internos e externos apresenta é analisado e discutido. O modelo construído poderá ser utilizado para obter e compreender a descrição das células fotovoltaicas para determinadas variações, e para a obtenção de parâmetros. O efeito do ruído branco gaussiano e a potência resultante que lhe está associada são analisados. É implementado um ajuste da curva característica com diferentes métodos polinomiais. As simulações são realizadas recorrendo a programação em MATLAB e SIMULINK. É realizada uma experiência laboratorial como forma de conclusão da aplicação do modelo, de forma a poder analisar a validação do modelo e do algoritmo estudados

Analysis of Noise with Curve Fitting Method of a PV cell

Solar photovoltaic technology is a major contender in the race for renewable, sustainable and green energy.This paperintroduces the characteristics of different PV cell equivalent circuit and its output behaviour. It describes and implements the proposed characterization method by using a selected model. It generates I-V and P-V curve usingiterative method. Noise analysis and observation of curve fitting are briefly described here.The white noise effect and its related output characteristics are explained too. To introduce and implement the generalized method, a photovoltaic electrical equivalent circuit is used here. The fundamental equation of a PV cell is used to study the model and to analyze the best fit of observed data. The values of ideal parameters are used to study the model’sbehaviour. The main objective is to measure the noise in data approximation and on the polynomial curve fitting method for both the I-V and P-V curve.ERASMUS MUNDUS LEADER PROGRA

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES REVIEW FOR HYBRID PHTOVOLTAIC THERMAL SYSTEM

In this work, solar hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panel’s different mathematical modelling and simulation techniques are described. Mathematical and thermal model development and simulation technique is considered as the initial conditions to simulate the system’s behavior. This article discusses about improved modelling and implementation technique of hybrid PVT technology to enhance the panels effective efficiency by increasing energy output. Characterization and parameters identification including sensitivity analysis by using adapted numerical methods is studied and analyzed. Different types of simulation models are reviewed to establish by analyzing mathematical, thermal and physical model with advance computational tool

Temperature Impact and Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid PVT System

Hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems are a type of solar system that combines the functions of a photovoltaic and a solar thermal in one unit [1]. The PV panels generate electricity from sunlight, while the thermal collection system captures the excess heat produced by the PV panels and uses it to produce warm water or space heating [2]. According to the recent analysis, the efficiency of the solar energy production in particular solar photovoltaic system is still low [3]. There are several factors to be considered that affect the energy production during the operation of hybrid PVT system. There are several internal and external or environmental parameters are responsible for this output disruption. The parameters found to be affecting are solar irradiance, environmental and module surface temperature, humidity, wind speed, shading, dust and many others [3]. Solar irradiance and temperature are the key role-players among all the variables. The light intensity or solar irradiance value is related with PV production as it affects short circuit current of the absorbed photons in the semiconductor material. The most important parameter which is the main concern of this work is the inside and outside temperature of the panel. If there is rise in ambient temperature, then the short circuit current only increases that results in decrease in power output [3-4]. As a result, the maximum power point (MPP) also decreases with the rise of temperature. Temperature is considered as a negative parameter in the panel, but it turns into positive in the proper use of hybrid PVT system. In this work, the impact of temperature rises in the panel and its related power output is shown which clearly identifies the negative result on the panel. Additionally, the MPP output due to temperature rise is also explained in the figure. Afterall, the changes in efficiency due to the temperature rise also analyzed in this work. One of the main advantages of hybrid PVT system is that it helps to regulate the panel temperature that tends to improve its efficiency. The PVT system can keep the panels cooler with high efficiency by capturing and using the excess produced heat. Temperature can be regulated in a PVT panel using several methods which will improve overall efficiency. Thus how, the PVT panel will be cooled producing more electric energy including thermal energy. This work proves that the impact of temperature rise can be mitigated, and efficiency is improved using hybrid PVT system properly

A Comparative Review on Cooling Techniques to Develop Hybrid PV/T Panel

Renewable energy will be the leading source of power on the upcoming days. Solar irradiation is one of the most convenient sources due to abundance in nature. Right now scientist are facing challenges to mitigate the heat induced by the solar panel during the conversion process. Excessive heat degrades the electrical property of photovoltaic panel thus resulting in reduced efficiency. To improve the efficiency different cooling techniques have been introduced namely active and passive cooling. It is really important to select the right cooling technique while developing the PV panel. It is found that, passive cooling technique is more preferable in-terms of operating cost, ease of use and reliability

Non-iterative MPPT Method: A Comparative Study

The presented work is a contribution to maximum power point tracking problem with improved performance. The analysed and discussed method is based on mathematical model of a PV panel. The output power of PV panel is dependent on the load as well as the almost unpredictable behaviour of the environment. It has a non-linear implicit behaviour on the load due to the weather parameters dependency. Due to different conditions of PV curve, it may have several local maxima. Existing MPPT techniques are mainly based on iterative method which are more time consuming and complex in nature considering the sense of comparative techniques. The most used approach is based on P&O algorithm with gradient comparison. The proposed technique improves the performance on the basis of time and computational complexity. During a low changing environmental condition this method achieves good result on the way to reach the overall point for maximum power. Taking into account the data sheet values of the panel along with the usage of existing knowledge from the datasheets, this technique is possible to implement and flexible for digital signal processing platform. An experimental setup is also done to verify the accuracy, robustness and simplicity of the introduced algorithm. It is found that the proposed technique is less complex and can be coupled with other method too

Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Hybrid Solar System

Efficiency in the solar energy system is obtained by studying, modeling and analyzing the emerging hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) technology that produces simultaneous electrical and thermal energy [1]. This paper describes the study and analyses of mathematical [2] model including thermal and electrical modeling [3-4] to obtain the effective efficiency of the hybrid photovoltaic thermal system.The important and efficient task is to investigate the parametric analysis of the hybrid PVT as it is combined with non-linear equations with high complexity. Environmental conditions and other related parameters have a great influence in the output of the hybrid PVT system [5]. A sensitivity analysis [6] of the parameters variation is briefly described and conducted to study the influence in this work. It is also studied and observed the thermal and electrical efficiency due to the effects of parameters variation. From the result, it is found that there is a great impact on the overall energy output including electrical, thermal and overall efficiency of the PVT module

Modelling and Parameter Analysis of Hybrid PVT Panel

The most used and conventional types of solar energy technologies (photovoltaic and thermal panels) are used to construct hybrid Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems that cogenerates electrical and thermal energy simultaneously [1]. Mathematical and thermal model development techniques are considered as the initial conditions to simulate the PVT system’s behaviour [2]. This article discusses about improved modelling and implementation technique review of hybrid PVT technology to enhance the panels effective efficiency by increasing energy output. Characterization and parameters identification including sensitivity analysis of hybrid PVT system is studied and analysed. An improved PVT collector model is established by studying various mathematical modeling and parameter analysis. The impact of some thermal parameters variation on the both electrical and thermal efficiency is also studied in the work [3]. A comparison between internal and ambient temperature variation effect on the system is also discussed. PV module emittance and heat extraction capacity are also analysed based on the results obtain by the parameters variation. From the result, it is obtained that there is a great impact on the overall energy output including electrical, thermal and overall efficiency

Comparison of Photovoltaic panel’s standard and simplified models

Shockley diode equation is basic for single diode model equation, which is overly used for characterizing the photovoltaic cell output and behavior. In the standard equation, it includes series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) with different types of parameters. Maximum simulation and modeling work done previously, related to single diode photovoltaic cell used this equation. However, there is another form of the standard equation which has not included Series Resistance (Rs) and Shunt Resistance (Rsh) yet, as the Shunt Resistance is much bigger than the load resistance and the load resistance is much bigger than the Series Resistance. For this phenomena, very small power loss occurs within a photovoltaic cell. This research focuses on the comparison of two forms of basic Shockley diode equation. This analysis describes a deep understanding of the photovoltaic cell, as well as gives understanding about Series Resistance (Rs) and Shunt Resistance (Rsh) behavior in the Photovoltaic cell. For making estimation of a real time photovoltaic system, faster calculation is needed. The equation without Series Resistance and Shunt Resistance is appropriate for the real time environment. Error function for both Series resistance (Rs) and Shunt resistances (Rsh) have been analyzed which shows that the total system is not affected by this two parameters' behavior.The first author would like to thank the FUSION (Featured eUrope and South asIa mObility Network) Erasmus Mundus project for funding the scholarship and to ICT of University of Évora for enabling this work. The second author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (FCT – Portugal), through the Doctoral Grant SFRH/BD/108484/2015. The fourth author like to thank the Leader Erasmus Mundus project for funding the scholarship and to ICT University of Évora for enabling this work The work is also co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, included in the COMPETE 2020 (Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization) through the ICT project (UID /GEO/04683/2013) with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690