The Effects Of Electronic Cigarette Components On Female Fertility And Associated Prenatal Period.

 AbstractOver the past decade, there has been an alarming rate of increase in the usage of electronic cigarettes also known as vaping. The misapprehension that such alternative nicotine products are less harmful than conventional cigarettes has attracted vulnerable population groups which include middle and high-school students ,young adults, women with the desire to conceive and childbearing mothers who look for combustible cigarette replacements during gestational period. Vaping devices deliver nicotine-containing aerosols by heating e-fluids that have proven to be cytotoxic and teratogenic, justifying maternal vaping as a frequent cause of morbidity in the fetus. As a part of this study, we aim to develop a greater understanding of the consequences of e-cigarettes consumption in women of reproductive age and exposed fetuses.Keywords- Electronic cigarettes, teratogenic, maternal vaping, fetuse

Higher DNA methylation of ABO gene promoter is associated with acute myocardial infarction in a hospital-based population in Karachi

Objective: To find out if there is any relationship of methylation status of ABO gene promoter with the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a hospital-based Pakistani population in Karachi, Pakistan.Methods: A case control study comprising of 39 adult AMI patients (both males and females; age range 30-70 years) and 39 normal healthy controls (both males and females and similar age range) nested in a large study (to see the relationship of ABO genotypes with AMI) was designed to investigate the methylation status of ABO gene promoter and its association with AMI. The study was carried out at the Aga Khan University, Karachi during July 2018 to June 2019. DNA isolated from samples of AMI patients and normal healthy controls were converted into bisulphite DNA using a kit method. Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction was carried out to determine the methylation status of ABO gene promoter in both cases and controls. Logistic regression was used to find out any association between increased methylation status of ABO gene promoter and risk of AMI.Results: A significantly higher percentage of DNA methylation of the ABO gene promoter was observed in AMI patients as compared to normal healthy controls (82.1% vs. 35.9%; p value \u3c0.001). This higher methylation status of ABO gene promoter was associated with AMI and the odds of AMI in this population were more than 6-fold in subjects with methylated gene promoter compared to those with unmethylated gene promoter after adjusting with age and waist circumference [AOR (95% CI) = 6.27 (1.76-22.3); p value = 0.005].Conclusion: The ABO gene promoter\u27s hypermethylation appears to be increasing the risk of AMI in a hospital-based Pakistani population in Karachi, Pakistan

Reprofiling of Octogenarian Antiviral Agent: A New Avenue Venture to Discover Viral Infection

Identification of a new drug molecule to a new target, specifically viral, bacterial, and fungal infection, is the prime focus of time immortal. The tridiagonal practice of drug discovery for emerging viral infection turned out to be a new venture to combat the morbidly and mortality of recent pandemics due to viral, bacterial, fungal, infection and infestation, the emerging number of viral infections day by day, the targeted therapy with the gap in assessment lead to reprofiling or repositioning available FDA-approved formulation give promising drug candidate for various infection specifically the current scenario of antiviral drug-reprofiling through drug designing approach, the emergence of resistance to existing antiviral drugs and re-emerging viral infections are the greatest challenges in antiviral drug discovery. The reprofiling approach is a worthy strategy to get the potent antiviral in brief span of time to overcome the challenges in antiviral therapy. The present chapter will be another representing the most promising results of reprofiling (Repositioning or repurposing) approach in the treatment of various infectious diseases

Seed Biology and Phytochemistry for Sustainable Future

The ranking of seeds represents remarkable transition phase for photosynthasis and sexual reproduction, this phase is complex & successful method for sexual reproduction in vascular plants. As we know that seed containe the genetic repository of past & potential for its perpetuation in the future. The dormancy in seeds induced by desciccation & the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) till the condition in growth become favorable. The well developed seeds eliminates requirement of water during sexual reproduction & allows fertilization events to occur over long distances. Germination of seeds in particular situation and season is determines the interaction between dormancy and relating factors like phytochemical development to give healthy bioactives, which strongly influence on the termination of dormancy or initiatin of germination and seedling in many plant species like photo-hormons, light, temperature, water, neutrients and mechanical cuse. Seeds of particular plants needs difreent pretreatment to give vigor seedlings even in production so far. The entiteled chapter represents amulgumation of agriculturists and life scientists. Recent significant progress has been endorsed in seed physiology to solve the practical issues constantly associated with the seeds. The aim & objective of this articale is to enlighten the reader, not only about the different aspects of the seed physiology it also includes the development of bioactive (secondary metabolites) in the healthy seeds. This resorce of pice will help researcher to sencitize about the type of healthy bioactive available in the shalls of seedlings. This could be the reason to isolate the biomolecules from a well evaluate seeds, seed evalution not only the sorce to get healthy crops in agricultural scince it also helps so for a phytochemist to get theuraputicaly active biomolecules, without destroying the nature, which could be the value added thought to combat with the burning issues associated with the existing situation (COVID Omicron, viral infection and all kinds of disorder associated with the immune system). Henceforth, endorsed personage to give real-time attention to plant propagation, particularly for indigenous tree species and seedling multiplication should be regarded as a primary need to make not only a sustainable environment but also become a treasure to fulfill the needs of industry application in the field of agriculture plus R & D

Fundamental Principles to Address Green Chemistry and Green Engineering for Sustainable Future

The background of green chemistry represents the dramatic module of a new millennium, the substantiable chemical process steam for evaluation in designing phase to incorporate the principles of GC (Green Chemistry) in 1990s. there has been a tremendous success in developing a new product and process which are more compatible with biological, zoological and botanical perspective to illuminate the sustainability goal, this chapter represents the simplified way to lookout different approach adopted in GC-research, the methodology enhance the chemical process economics, concomitant which deduct the environmental burden. This review merely focusing on eco-friendly protocol which replace the traditional method of synthesis followed in chemistry to synthesize lifesaving drugs, with prevention outgoing waste from industries. GC and chemical engineering or green engineering (GE) should produce eco-friendly chemical process for drug design which likely to be spread rapidly in next few decades. This chapter explains in-depth and compact with detailed glimpse of environment friendly-protocol and principle bridging continent and scientific discipline to create new solution

Cations and the mammalian brain.

A water insoluble fraction was prepared from ox cerebrum by homogenistation in water, dialysis against water, filtration and drying in air at 20-24°C. The fraction represented 15.5% +/- 3% (n = 8) of the weight of the fresh brain. The concentration of lipids was measured in fresh dried tissue, and also in the insoluble fraction. The insoluble fraction contained a mean of 81% (n = 6) of the lipids present in the fresh dried tissue, and 46% (n = 5) by the biuret method or 51% (n = 3) by the method of Lowry et. al., (1951) of the protein originally present. The Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured by atomic emission and absorption flame photometry, firstly in prepared media, and then in the same media after 4 ml of each of them had been mixed with lg of the insoluble fraction and left at 37 °C for 20 minutes; the concentration in the fraction was calculated from that found in the supernatant. When the insoluble fraction was mixed with Krebs-Ringer saline containing bicarbonate and glucose, modified so that the ratios of NaCl and KCl varied - (but together always added up to 150 mM) - the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the fraction was a mean of 2.6 times that present in the supernatant, when they contained Na+ or K+ up to 80 mM. When the concentrations of the cations in the media exceeded 80 mM, the concentration of Na+ in the fraction rose to a mean of 266 muMol/g, while the concentration of K+ fell to approximately zero. When only CaCl[2] or only MgSO[4] - or both salts - was omitted from the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose saline, the fraction did not take up any Na+ or K+ from the media at any concentration. The fraction did not take up any significant volume of oxygen, measured manometrically, either in the modified Krebs-Ringer solutions or in a mitochondrial substrate. The addition of AMP (2-5mM), ADP (2.5mM), ATP (2.5-5 mM), acetylcholine (0.01 - 200 muM), atropine (0.01 muM), eserine (30 muM), adrenaline (0.30 -30. muM ), nor-adrenaline (0.3 muM), ergotamine (10 muM), glutamate (2.5 mM) and ouabain (0.1 muM) with all the other constituents of modified Krebs-Ringer solution to the insoluble fraction, had significant effects on the uptake of Na+ and K+ by the fraction. The adenine nucleotides, nor-adrenaline, glutamate and ouabain, at the above concentrations, completely destroyed the affinity of Na+ and K+ for the insoluble fraction; whereas with acetylcholine, adrenaline and other related compounds, the uptake of Na+ and K+ was highly dependent on the concentration of the above substance and also of Na+ and K+, present in the media. A filtrate of the homogenised brain destroyed the affinity of Na+ and K+for the insoluble fraction

Cations and the mammalian brain.

A water insoluble fraction was prepared from ox cerebrum by homogenistation in water, dialysis against water, filtration and drying in air at 20-24°C. The fraction represented 15.5% +/- 3% (n = 8) of the weight of the fresh brain. The concentration of lipids was measured in fresh dried tissue, and also in the insoluble fraction. The insoluble fraction contained a mean of 81% (n = 6) of the lipids present in the fresh dried tissue, and 46% (n = 5) by the biuret method or 51% (n = 3) by the method of Lowry et. al., (1951) of the protein originally present. The Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured by atomic emission and absorption flame photometry, firstly in prepared media, and then in the same media after 4 ml of each of them had been mixed with lg of the insoluble fraction and left at 37 °C for 20 minutes; the concentration in the fraction was calculated from that found in the supernatant. When the insoluble fraction was mixed with Krebs-Ringer saline containing bicarbonate and glucose, modified so that the ratios of NaCl and KCl varied - (but together always added up to 150 mM) - the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the fraction was a mean of 2.6 times that present in the supernatant, when they contained Na+ or K+ up to 80 mM. When the concentrations of the cations in the media exceeded 80 mM, the concentration of Na+ in the fraction rose to a mean of 266 muMol/g, while the concentration of K+ fell to approximately zero. When only CaCl[2] or only MgSO[4] - or both salts - was omitted from the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose saline, the fraction did not take up any Na+ or K+ from the media at any concentration. The fraction did not take up any significant volume of oxygen, measured manometrically, either in the modified Krebs-Ringer solutions or in a mitochondrial substrate. The addition of AMP (2-5mM), ADP (2.5mM), ATP (2.5-5 mM), acetylcholine (0.01 - 200 muM), atropine (0.01 muM), eserine (30 muM), adrenaline (0.30 -30. muM ), nor-adrenaline (0.3 muM), ergotamine (10 muM), glutamate (2.5 mM) and ouabain (0.1 muM) with all the other constituents of modified Krebs-Ringer solution to the insoluble fraction, had significant effects on the uptake of Na+ and K+ by the fraction. The adenine nucleotides, nor-adrenaline, glutamate and ouabain, at the above concentrations, completely destroyed the affinity of Na+ and K+ for the insoluble fraction; whereas with acetylcholine, adrenaline and other related compounds, the uptake of Na+ and K+ was highly dependent on the concentration of the above substance and also of Na+ and K+, present in the media. A filtrate of the homogenised brain destroyed the affinity of Na+ and K+for the insoluble fraction

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ITS EFFECTS AND APPLICABLE METHODS

HOW PSYCHOLOGY DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENT? "Environmental Psychology is field of study that examines the inter relationship between environment and human affect cognition and behaviour" (Bechtel & chorchman 2002, Gilford 2007) Environment Types Natural / Water / Air / Land / Mountain / Forest / Vegetation Mane Built - Home / Road / School / College / Market / Industries of etc. General orientation to nature and environment (according Florence Cluson (1953)  People as subjugated to nature  People as above nature  People as part of nature How Environment affects human body (Change in the environment due to human activities