FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORAL SUSTAINED IN SITU GELLING SYSTEM OF ROXATIDINE

Gel dosage forms are successfully used as drug delivery systems to control drug release and protect the medicaments from a hostile environment. The main objective of this present work is to formulate and evaluate in situ gels of roxatidine for the treatment of peptic ulcer. This system utilizes polymers that exhibit sol-to-gel phase transition due to change in specific physico-chemical parameters. In the present work in situ gels have been developed by using gellan gum and sodium alginate based on the concept of ion activated systems. Sol-to-gel transformation occurred in the presence of monovalent/divalent cations. Formulations were evaluated for clarity, drug content, in vitro gelling capacity, determination of pH, in situ release study, viscosity, gel strength, ex vivo gelation and stability study. All the results found to be satisfactory. Experimental part showed that viscosity of sols and gel strength was increased with increase in the concentration of polymers, also drug release gets sustaining. The formulations were therapeutically efficacious, sterile and provided sustained release of the drug over a period of time. These results demonstrated that the developed system is an alternative to conventional drug delivery systems and can improve patient compliance.Key words: In situ gels, Roxatidine, Peptic ulcer

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE BUCCAL TABLETS OF CANDESARTAN

Candesartan is  an  angiotensin  II  receptor antagonist  and  is  widely  used  in  the  management  of  hypertension  to  reduce  cardiovascular mortality  in patients with left  ventricular  dysfunction  following  myocardial  infarction,  and  in  the  management  of  heart  failure. The Mucoadhesive buccal tablets were prepared by direct compression method using carbopol 934, HPMC K4M, sodium CMC as mucoadhesive polymer. The compatibility studies of drug and excipients were performed by FT-IR spectroscopy. After examining the flow properties of the powder blends the results are found to be within prescribed limits and indicated good flowing property, hence it was subjected to tablet compression. The tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters like weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, drug content uniformity, Surface pH, in-vitro studies like swelling, mucoadhesive strength and drug release. Formulation (F6) containing Carbopol-934 and Sodium CMC in the ratio of (2: 3) showed good mucoadhesive strength (36.14) and maximum drug release of 98.15% in 8 hrs. Swelling increases with increase in concentration of Sodium CMC in tablets. The drug content of shown highest of 99.15 %, Surface pH was found to be 6.42. All the evaluation parameters given the positive results and comply with the standards. Stability studies were carried out on the developed formulations indicated that the formulations were stable during the study period. The results indicate that the mucoadhesive buccal tablets of Candesartan may be good choice to bypass the extensive hepatic first pass metabolism with an improvement in the bioavailability of candesartan through buccal mucosa. Key Words: Mucoadhesive buccal tablets, direct compression, Hypertension, Candesartan cilexetil

A NOVEL APPROACH TO INCREASE THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL BY PRONIOSOMAL GEL FORMULATION: IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO EVALUATION

Objective: The oral bioavailability of Candesartan cilexetil is less (<15%), so in this study an approach has been made to increase its bioavailability by proniosomal gel formulation.Methods: The proniosomal formulation of Candesartan cilexetil was prepared by slurry method, using span 60 and Tween 60 as non-ionic surfactants, maltodextrin as carrier and cholesterol and soya lecithin as stabilizers. Prepared gel formulations were evaluated for compatibility study, entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, surface morphology, in-vitro diffusion studies, in-vitro skin permeation studies, in-vivo pharmacokinetics studies, various release kinetic studies and stability studies.Results: FT-IR study showed no interaction between drugs and other excipients, drugs and excipients are compatible. Mean vesicles size of proniosome derived niosome was found in the range of 16.34 µm-32.48 µm and 7.25-16.45 µm before and after shaking. An optimized formulation A3 containing a 2:1 ratio of span 60 and cholesterol showed maximum entrapment (86.17%) and in-vitro drug release (93.8%) compared to other formulations. In-vitro skin permeation studies were carried out using Albino rat skin and results showed that formulation A3 exhibited 88.65% drug permeation in a steady-state manner over a period of 24 h with a flux value of 1.94 µg/cm2/h and enhancement ratio of 3.73. In-vivo pharmacokinetics studies of proniosomal gel formulation A3 showed a significant increase in bioavailability (1.425 folds) compared with an oral formulation of Candesartan cilexetil. Stability studies showed that proniosomal gel formulation was stable throughout its study period.Conclusion: Physiochemically stable Candesartan cilexetil proniosomal gel was formulated, which could deliver significant amount of the drug across the skin in a steady-state manner for the prolong period of time in the treatment of hypertension.Â

Formulation and evaluation of chitosan films containing sparfloxacin for the treatment of periodontitis

In the present study an attempt has been made to formulate and evaluate a sustained release periodontal film of Sparfloxacin with biodegradable, cost effective polymer Chitosan. The objective of the study was to formulate intra-pocket periodontal films, which could be easily placed into the periodontal pocket, and thus be capable of delivering therapeutic concentrations of drug. Sparfloxacin is an antibiotic, showing wide spectrum antibacterial activity against a number of periodontal pathogens. Hence Sparfloxacin is selected as model for site specific delivery, i.e., into periodontal pocket for the treatment of periodontitis. In the present investigation Chitosan films containing Sparfloxacin were prepared by solution casting method using acetic acid. The copolymers HPMC K4M, Sodium CMC and Eudragit RL 100 in the concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% w/w of Chitosan were added into the polymeric solution. Propylene glycol was used as plasticizer. FT-IR and UV spectroscopic methods revealed no interaction between Sparfloxacin and polymers. The drug loaded films were evaluated for their thickness, weight variation, content uniformity, tensile strength, percent elongation, percentage moisture loss, surface pH, folding endurance, in- vitro drug release studies, in - vitro antibacterial activity and stability studies. Periodontal films showed initial burst release of drug on 1st day and then the release was sustained for a period of 8 days. In – vitro antibacterial activity was carried out on staphylococcus aureus and the antibacterial activity was retained for 96 hours. In - vitro release from periodontal films was fit to kinetic models to reveal drug release kinetics. Keywords: Periodontitis, Sparfloxacin, Bio-adhesive polymers

A REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE HEALTH CARE SECTOR

The global crisis of the present era, the COVID-19 pandemic, has changed given new normal ways in many of the sectors. The present review highlights the impact, problems, and challenges faced by major areas of the health care sector due to pandemics and also addresses some of the aspects of upcoming approaches. The healthcare sector is the one sector that is on-demand since this COVID-19 pandemic raised. During the initial period, there was disruption of various services provided by the health care sector due to supply chain management issues and reduction in demand by consumers, quarantine, and lockdown period. The healthcare workers also confronted a huge challenge due to the increased number of cases and shortage of amenities and safety measures. This significantly affected even COVID-19 patients and the general public suffering from other diseases. To fight this issue, research and development (RandD) in pharmaceutical industries with great efforts to explore molecules and save many lives. Gradually innovative ways to strengthen and combat pandemics started emerging. Numeral ways and rules were adopted to prevent, diagnose and cure the disease. Artificial intelligence technology has emerged as one of the boons to address many of the unresolved or time-consuming mysteries. All the divisions of health care sectors have started working more efficiently with adopted new strategies to face future challenges

Cloud Servers: Resource Optimization Using Different Energy Saving Techniques

Currently, researchers are working to contribute to the emerging fields of cloud computing, edge computing, and distributed systems. The major area of interest is to examine and understand their performance. The major globally leading companies, such as Google, Amazon, ONLIVE, Giaki, and eBay, are truly concerned about the impact of energy consumption. These cloud computing companies use huge data centers, consisting of virtual computers that are positioned worldwide and necessitate exceptionally high-power costs to preserve. The increased requirement for energy consumption in IT firms has posed many challenges for cloud computing companies pertinent to power expenses. Energy utilization is reliant upon numerous aspects, for example, the service level agreement, techniques for choosing the virtual machine, the applied optimization strategies and policies, and kinds of workload. The present paper tries to provide an answer to challenges related to energy-saving through the assistance of both dynamic voltage and frequency scaling techniques for gaming data centers. Also, to evaluate both the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling techniques compared to non-power-aware and static threshold detection techniques. The findings will facilitate service suppliers in how to encounter the quality of service and experience limitations by fulfilling the service level agreements. For this purpose, the CloudSim platform is applied for the application of a situation in which game traces are employed as a workload for analyzing the procedure. The findings evidenced that an assortment of good quality techniques can benefit gaming servers to conserve energy expenditures and sustain the best quality of service for consumers located universally. The originality of this research presents a prospect to examine which procedure performs good (for example, dynamic, static, or non-power aware). The findings validate that less energy is utilized by applying a dynamic voltage and frequency method along with fewer service level agreement violations, and better quality of service and experience, in contrast with static threshold consolidation or non-power aware technique

Reprofiling of Octogenarian Antiviral Agent: A New Avenue Venture to Discover Viral Infection

Identification of a new drug molecule to a new target, specifically viral, bacterial, and fungal infection, is the prime focus of time immortal. The tridiagonal practice of drug discovery for emerging viral infection turned out to be a new venture to combat the morbidly and mortality of recent pandemics due to viral, bacterial, fungal, infection and infestation, the emerging number of viral infections day by day, the targeted therapy with the gap in assessment lead to reprofiling or repositioning available FDA-approved formulation give promising drug candidate for various infection specifically the current scenario of antiviral drug-reprofiling through drug designing approach, the emergence of resistance to existing antiviral drugs and re-emerging viral infections are the greatest challenges in antiviral drug discovery. The reprofiling approach is a worthy strategy to get the potent antiviral in brief span of time to overcome the challenges in antiviral therapy. The present chapter will be another representing the most promising results of reprofiling (Repositioning or repurposing) approach in the treatment of various infectious diseases

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID VIA CO-CRYSTALLIZATION TECHNIQUE: A NOVEL ASA-VALINE COCRYSTAL

Objective: This study aims to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) cocrystals using valine as a coformer via a co-crystallization technique to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of ASA. Methods: The ASA-valine cocrystal (1:1 molar ratio) was prepared using the solvent evaporation technique with ethanol: water (50:50). The cocrystal was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melting point to confirm the formation of cocrystal. The evaluation of cocrystal was done by drug content determination, solubility and dissolution studies. Results: The prepared cocrystal was successfully confirmed for the formation of a hydrogen bond. The melting point of prepared cocrystal was decreased compared to pure ASA and valine, which indicated the formation of a new crystalline form. The FT-IR studies showed the formation of a new hydrogen bond by shifting the-O-H,-C=O and-N-H functional groups. SEM studies ensured that the prepared cocrystals were in needle-like appearance. Finally, DSC and PXRD studies were also indicated the successful formation of ASA-valine cocrystal. The drug release of cocrystal was found to be 100% at 60th min. Where in the case of pure ASA and marketed product of ASA exhibited the dissolution rate of 59% and 69% at 60th min respectively. Conclusion: The co-crystallization technique can be adopted as the best strategy to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 2 drugs. Therefore the prepared ASA-valine cocrystal can be a greater alternative to increase the solubility and dissolution rate compared with pure and marketed ASA

Seed Biology and Phytochemistry for Sustainable Future

The ranking of seeds represents remarkable transition phase for photosynthasis and sexual reproduction, this phase is complex & successful method for sexual reproduction in vascular plants. As we know that seed containe the genetic repository of past & potential for its perpetuation in the future. The dormancy in seeds induced by desciccation & the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) till the condition in growth become favorable. The well developed seeds eliminates requirement of water during sexual reproduction & allows fertilization events to occur over long distances. Germination of seeds in particular situation and season is determines the interaction between dormancy and relating factors like phytochemical development to give healthy bioactives, which strongly influence on the termination of dormancy or initiatin of germination and seedling in many plant species like photo-hormons, light, temperature, water, neutrients and mechanical cuse. Seeds of particular plants needs difreent pretreatment to give vigor seedlings even in production so far. The entiteled chapter represents amulgumation of agriculturists and life scientists. Recent significant progress has been endorsed in seed physiology to solve the practical issues constantly associated with the seeds. The aim & objective of this articale is to enlighten the reader, not only about the different aspects of the seed physiology it also includes the development of bioactive (secondary metabolites) in the healthy seeds. This resorce of pice will help researcher to sencitize about the type of healthy bioactive available in the shalls of seedlings. This could be the reason to isolate the biomolecules from a well evaluate seeds, seed evalution not only the sorce to get healthy crops in agricultural scince it also helps so for a phytochemist to get theuraputicaly active biomolecules, without destroying the nature, which could be the value added thought to combat with the burning issues associated with the existing situation (COVID Omicron, viral infection and all kinds of disorder associated with the immune system). Henceforth, endorsed personage to give real-time attention to plant propagation, particularly for indigenous tree species and seedling multiplication should be regarded as a primary need to make not only a sustainable environment but also become a treasure to fulfill the needs of industry application in the field of agriculture plus R & D

Fundamental Principles to Address Green Chemistry and Green Engineering for Sustainable Future

The background of green chemistry represents the dramatic module of a new millennium, the substantiable chemical process steam for evaluation in designing phase to incorporate the principles of GC (Green Chemistry) in 1990s. there has been a tremendous success in developing a new product and process which are more compatible with biological, zoological and botanical perspective to illuminate the sustainability goal, this chapter represents the simplified way to lookout different approach adopted in GC-research, the methodology enhance the chemical process economics, concomitant which deduct the environmental burden. This review merely focusing on eco-friendly protocol which replace the traditional method of synthesis followed in chemistry to synthesize lifesaving drugs, with prevention outgoing waste from industries. GC and chemical engineering or green engineering (GE) should produce eco-friendly chemical process for drug design which likely to be spread rapidly in next few decades. This chapter explains in-depth and compact with detailed glimpse of environment friendly-protocol and principle bridging continent and scientific discipline to create new solution