Access to Education in Bangladesh: Country Analytic Review of Primary and Secondary Education

This country analytical review examines the key issues in access to and participation in primary and secondary education in Bangladesh, with a special focus on areas and dimensions of exclusion. Against a background of overall progress, particularly in closing the gender gap in primary and secondary enrollment, the research applies a conceptual framework outlining different forms of exclusion and presents two significant findings which compromise access and diminish gains made: high dropout rates at primary and secondary levels and nominal access but virtual exclusion from quality learning. Other areas surveyed in the review include interventions by public sector and non-governmental providers in primary and secondary education as well as the financing of basic education. This review of the literature concludes with suggestions for future research directions that might lead to new understanding and insights on equitable access and participation

Response Of The Dupi Tila Aquifer to intensive pumping in Dhaka, Bangladesh

This paper focuses on the water-quantity issues facing Dhaka because of the rapid exploitation of the Dupi Tila aquifer. Dhaka is one of the world’s largest groundwater-dependent cities, relying on water withdrawn from this underlying semiconfined sand aquifer. A meteoric rise in well construction in both the private and public sectors in recent years has produced an estimated 1,300 boreholes that tap the aquifer in urban and suburban parts of the city. Analysis of construction records for public-supply wells drilled between 1970 and 2000 shows that water levels are falling in several areas of the city despite apparently favorable recharge conditions . The productivity of boreholes as measured by specific capacity has also declined significantly. Even though the aquifer system is vital to the infrastructure of the city it remains a poorly quantified resource, and until this is resolved by investment in evaluation studies, attempts to efficiently manage the resource in a sustainable way will be frustrated

Acoustic data optimisation for seabed mapping with visual and computational data mining

Oceans cover 70% of Earth’s surface but little is known about their waters. While the echosounders, often used for exploration of our oceans, have developed at a tremendous rate since the WWII, the methods used to analyse and interpret the data still remain the same. These methods are inefficient, time consuming, and often costly in dealing with the large data that modern echosounders produce. This PhD project will examine the complexity of the de facto seabed mapping technique by exploring and analysing acoustic data with a combination of data mining and visual analytic methods. First we test the redundancy issues in multibeam echosounder (MBES) data by using the component plane visualisation of a Self Organising Map (SOM). A total of 16 visual groups were identified among the 132 statistical data descriptors. The optimised MBES dataset had 35 attributes from 16 visual groups and represented a 73% reduction in data dimensionality. A combined Principal Component Analysis (PCA) + k-means was used to cluster both the datasets. The cluster results were visually compared as well as internally validated using four different internal validation methods. Next we tested two novel approaches in singlebeam echosounder (SBES) data processing and clustering – using visual exploration for outlier detection and direct clustering of time series echo returns. Visual exploration identified further outliers the automatic procedure was not able to find. The SBES data were then clustered directly. The internal validation indices suggested the optimal number of clusters to be three. This is consistent with the assumption that the SBES time series represented the subsurface classes of the seabed. Next the SBES data were joined with the corresponding MBES data based on identification of the closest locations between MBES and SBES. Two algorithms, PCA + k-means and fuzzy c-means were tested and results visualised. From visual comparison, the cluster boundary appeared to have better definitions when compared to the clustered MBES data only. The results seem to indicate that adding SBES did in fact improve the boundary definitions. Next the cluster results from the analysis chapters were validated against ground truth data using a confusion matrix and kappa coefficients. For MBES, the classes derived from optimised data yielded better accuracy compared to that of the original data. For SBES, direct clustering was able to provide a relatively reliable overview of the underlying classes in survey area. The combined MBES + SBES data provided by far the best accuracy for mapping with almost a 10% increase in overall accuracy compared to that of the original MBES data. The results proved to be promising in optimising the acoustic data and improving the quality of seabed mapping. Furthermore, these approaches have the potential of significant time and cost saving in the seabed mapping process. Finally some future directions are recommended for the findings of this research project with the consideration that this could contribute to further development of seabed mapping problems at mapping agencies worldwide

A Study on Vegetable Export for the Economic Development of Bangladesh and Its Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Young Educated Bangladesh People

This study tries to explain the prevailing vegetable supply chain system in Bangladesh which impact on International Market linkages includes some markets, number of intermediaries, and involvement of Stakeholder. Next, it shows many limitations within the present supply chain where the issues of export of vegetable supply chain have discoursed thoroughly. Then, the influences of lack of effective supply chain linkages are discussed. The main difficulties met by the growers, Exporter, and negotiators were deficiency of money, Training, production, Packaging Knowledge, poor communication and transport services, lack of adequate storage services, lack of suitable market info, higher market tolls, deficiency of market facilities, etc. The growers and intermediaries also suggested some solutions to those difficulties. As vegetables are perishable products, the study provides an overview of the issues and solutions within the use of cargo space at the airport. The govt should take the required steps to undo these problems and thus extend the effectiveness of vegetable supply chain export marketing in Bangladesh. Here shows a proposed vegetable supply chain and policy level suggestion for International Market linkages. At present Bangladesh is in the demographic dividend. It includes a large number of educated unemployed.  This study provides a detailed explanation of how to start a new business to grow as an entrepreneur.  These people can play a significant role in the country's GDP by exporting vegetables from the country by obtaining export licenses and earning foreign exchange. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-20-09 Publication date:October 31st 2021

The impact of the farm economic crisis on the career aspirations of Iowa farm youth

The impact of the farm economic crisis on the career aspiration of the Iowa farm-reared undergraduate students of Iowa State University is examined. More than half of the sample studied reported that the crisis has affected their career plans to some extent. A selected number of variables, background and attitudinal in nature, were examined to predict the students\u27 alternative career choices. A path model was formulated and tested. The LISREL computer program was used to estimate and test several versions of the model. Results show that parents\u27 economic status, son\u27s ideological commitment to agricultural, and his assessment of the farm crisis, among other variables, are the most significantly important variables that explain students\u27 alternative and realistic career choices

Effects of high salt load on renal Hemodynamics and function in Normotension and hypertension: role of Alpha 1-adrenoceptor.

Hipertensi merupakan penyebab utama morbiditi dan kematian yang berkait rapat dengan penyakit jantung koroner, kegagalan ginjal dan strok. Natrium memainkan peranan patofisiologi yang penting di dalam pembentukkan hipertensi. Hypertension is a major cause of coronary heart disease, renal failure and stroke. Sodium plays an important pathophysiological role in the development of hypertension

POLICY-BASED MIDDLEWARE FOR MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING

Mobile devices are the dominant interface for interacting with online services as well as an efficient platform for cloud data consumption. Cloud computing allows the delivery of applications/functionalities as services over the internet and provides the software/hardware infrastructure to host these services in a scalable manner. In mobile cloud computing, the apps running on the mobile device use cloud hosted services to overcome resource constraints of the host device. This approach allows mobile devices to outsource the resource-consuming tasks. Furthermore, as the number of devices owned by a single user increases, there is the growing demand for cross-platform application deployment to ensure a consistent user experience. However, the mobile devices communicate through unstable wireless networks, to access the data and services hosted in the cloud. The major challenges that mobile clients face when accessing services hosted in the cloud, are network latency and synchronization of data. To address the above mentioned challenges, this research proposed an architecture which introduced a policy-based middleware that supports user to access cloud hosted digital assets and services via an application across multiple mobile devices in a seamless manner. The major contribution of this thesis is identifying different information, used to configure the behavior of the middleware towards reliable and consistent communication among mobile clients and the cloud hosted services. Finally, the advantages of the using policy-based middleware architecture are illustrated by experiments conducted on a proof-of-concept prototype

Addressing Regional Inequality Issues in Bangladesh Public Expenditure

Traditionally development effort of Bangladesh government have aimed at achieving equitable economic growth. The concept is an overriding factor in formulating national policy strategies of poverty alleviation. In this context, the objectives of poverty alleviation are mostly designed with social development factors, particularly improvements in health and education indicators. One of the most important policy documents Unlocking the potential : National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (the PRSP paper which was extended till June 2008), and other government documents embody such with great importance (Medium Term Budget Framework 2007- 2010 documents on website of the Ministry of Finance. Since returning to democracy in 1991, Bangladeshs economy has achieved a steady growth rate with concomitant fall of poverty incidences at an accelerated pace. In fact, the country experienced more than 10 percentage point fall in poverty rate between 2000 and 2005 (Table 1), which is indeed a commendable achievement aligned to other better performances that Bangladesh has been experiencing for the last three decades since independence. One feature of this development is, however, less assuring. Regional analysis of poverty incidences shows that reduction rate is not equal across the country, rather the situation is worsening in some cases. Such picture reflects an unequal progress in overall economic activity throughout the country.Bangladesh, Regional Inequality, public expenditure, Poverty Alleviation