Optimasi Kondisi Kristalisasi Pada Pembuatan Fraksi Kaya Tokotrienol Dari Distilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit

Distilat asam lemak minyak sawit (DALMS) merupakan hasil samping pemurnian minyak sawit secar fisik pada tahapan deodorisasi. Distilat asam lemak minyak sawit merupakan sumber vitamin E yang sangat baik karena terdiri dari 70 % tokotrienol dan 30 % tokoferol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi proses kristalisasi pelarut suhu untuk memperoleh fraksi kaya tokotrienol dari DALMS menggunakan metode permukaan respon. Faktor-faktor yang diujikan adalah nisbah fraksi tidak tersabunkan : pelarut (X1), suhu kristalisasi (X2), dan waktu kristalisasi (X3). Variabel respon (Y) tokotrienol total dalam fraksi kaya tokotrienol DALMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DALMS mengandung 0,45 g/100 g atau 4500 ppm. Vitamin E terdiri dari α tokoferol 33,48 %, α tokotrienol 17,57 %, δ tokotrienol 29,06 %, dan γ tokotrienol 19,89 %. Dibandingkan dengan DALMS, fraksi tidak tersabunkan mengandunglebih rendah asam lemak bebas 95,75 % pada DALMS 7,99 % pada fraksi tidak tersabunkan. Rendemen fraksi tidak tersabunkan dari proses saponifikasi DALMS sebesar 3,75 %. Hubungan nisbah fraksi tidak tersabunkan : pelarut (X1), suhu kristalisasi (X2), dan waktu kristlisasi (X3) terhadap fraksi kaya tokotrienol (Y) mengikuti persamaan kuadratikY = 20,24746 X1 – 0,28627 X2 + 0,77099 X3 + 0,005575 X1X2 + 0,00545833 X1X3 – 0,00213333 X2 X3 -1,72362 X1 – 0,015438 X2 – 0,018297 X3 - 47,44392. Kondisi kristalisasi optimum dipperoleh pada nisbah fraksi tidak tersabunkan 5,89 : 1, suhu kristalisasi -9,7 oC, dan waktu kristalisasi 22,52 jam. Verifikasi pada kondisi optimum menunjukkan total tokotrienol pada fraksi tidak tersabunkan sebesar 21,813 g/100 g, aktivitas antioksidan 94,07 %, bilangan peroksida 0,86 mek/kg, dan asam lemak bebas 0,0913 %. Komposisi fraksi kaya tokotrienol adalah δ tokotrienol 45,84 %, γ tokotrienol 31,55 %, dan α tokotrienol 22,62 %. ABSTRAK Distilatasamlemakminyaksawit(DALMS)merupakanhasilsampingpemurnianminyaksawitsecarfisik pada tahapan deodorisasi. Distilat asam lemak minyak sawit merupakan sumber vitamin E yang sangat baik karena terdiri dari70%tokotrienoldan30%tokoferol.Penelitianinibertujuanuntukmengoptimasiproseskristalisasipelarut suhuuntukmemperolehfraksikayatokotrienoldariDALMSmenggunakanmetodepermukaanrespon.Faktor-faktor yangdiujikanadalahnisbahfraksitidaktersabunkan:pelarut(X),suhukristalisasi(X),danwaktukristalisasi(X). 3123Variabelrespon(Y)tokotrienoltotaldalamfraksikayatokotrienolDALMS.Hasilpenelitianmenunjukkanbahwa 1DALMSmengandung0,45g/100gatau4500ppm.VitaminEterdiridariαtokoferol33,48%,αtokotrienol17,57%,δ tokotrienol29,06%,danγtokotrienol19,89%.DibandingkandenganDALMS,fraksitidaktersabunkanmengandung lebih rendah asam lemak bebas 95,75 % pada DALMS 7,99 % pada fraksi tidak tersabunkan. Rendemen fraksi tidak tersabunkandariprosessaponifikasiDALMSsebesar3,75%.Hubungannisbahfraksitidaktersabunkan:pelarut(X), suhukristalisasi(X),danwaktukristlisasi(X)terhadapfraksikayatokotrienol(Y)mengikutipersamaankuadratik 1Y= 20,24746 X 2 23– 0,28627 X + 0,77099 X 3 11123+ 0,005575 XX + 0,00545833 XX – 0,00213333 XX -1,72362 X2– 0,015438X2 –0,018297X2-47,44392.Kondisikristalisasioptimumdipperolehpadanisbahfraksitidaktersabunkan235,89:1,suhukristalisasi-9,7oC,danwaktukristalisasi22,52jam.Verifikasipadakondisioptimummenunjukkantotaltokotrienolpadafraksitidaktersabunkansebesar21,813g/100g,aktivitasantioksidan94,07%,bilanganperoksida0,86 mek/kg, dan asam lemak bebas 0,0913 %. Komposisi fraksi kaya tokotrienol adalah δ tokotrienol 45,84 %, γ tokotrienol 31,55 %, dan α tokotrienol 22,62 %. Kata kunci: Distilat asam lemak minyak sawit, saponifikasi,fraksi tidak tersabunkan, tokotrienol, kristalisasi ABSTRACT 1Palmfattyaciddistilate(PFAD)isthebyproductofpalmoilprocessingthatproducedbydeodorization.PFADisone ofvitaminEsources.TheexcellenceofPFADasthesourceofvitaminEisthatthemostofvitamnEinthePFAD istocotrienol(70%)andtheremainingwastocopherol(30%). Todate,therearelimitedsourcesoftocotrienol, thereforeitisveryimportanttoexplorePFADasthesourceoftocotrienol.Thisresearchwasobjectedtooptimize low temperature solvent crystallization to obtain the highest tocotrienol content of PFAD fraction by using Response SurfaceMethodology.Thetestedfactorsweretheratioofsolventtounsaponifiablefraction(X ),crystallization temperature(X),andtime(X).Theoptimizedresponsewasthetotalcontentoftocotrienolintocotrienolenriched23fractionofPFAD.TheresultsshowedthatPFADcontainedvitaminEcontentof0.45g/100gor4500ppm.Itwas 1higherthan</d

Precision measurement of vector and tensor analyzing powers in elastic deuteron-proton scattering

High precision vector and tensor analyzing powers of elastic deuteron-proton d+p scattering have been measured at intermediate energies to investigate effects of three-nucleon forces (3NF). Angular distribution in the range of 70-120 degree in the center-of mass frame for incident-deuteron energies of 130 and 180 MeV were obtained using the RIKEN facility. The beam polarization was unambiguously determined by measuring the 12C(d,alpha)10B(2+) reaction at 0 degree. Results of the measurements are compared with state-of-the-art three-nucleon calculations. The present modeling of nucleon-nucleon forces and its extension to the three-nucleon system is not sufficient to describe the high precision data consistently and requires, therefore, further investigation

Influence of pipe length and flow rate on nano-particle deposition in laminar circular pipe flows

The Lagrangian particle tracking provides an effective method for simulating the deposition of nano-particles as well as micro-particles as it accounts for the particle inertia effect as well as the Brownian excitation. However, using the Lagrangian approach for simulating ultrafine particles has been limited due to computational cost and numerical difficulties. The aim of this paper is to study the deposition of nano-particles in cylindrical tubes under laminar condition using the Lagrangian particle tracking method. The commercial Fluent software is used to simulate the fluid flow in the pipes and to study the deposition and dispersion of nano-particles. Different particle diameters as well as different pipe lengths and flow rates are examined. The results show good agreement between the calculated deposition efficiency and different analytic correlations in the literature. Furthermore, for the nano-particles with higher diameters and when the effect of inertia has a higher importance, the calculated deposition efficiency by the Lagrangian method is less than the analytic correlations based on Eulerian method due to statistical error or the inertia effect

Modern machine-learning can support diagnostic differentiation of central and peripheral acute vestibular disorders

BACKGROUND Diagnostic classification of central vs. peripheral etiologies in acute vestibular disorders remains a challenge in the emergency setting. Novel machine-learning methods may help to support diagnostic decisions. In the current study, we tested the performance of standard and machine-learning approaches in the classification of consecutive patients with acute central or peripheral vestibular disorders. METHODS 40 Patients with vestibular stroke (19 with and 21 without acute vestibular syndrome (AVS), defined by the presence of spontaneous nystagmus) and 68 patients with peripheral AVS due to vestibular neuritis were recruited in the emergency department, in the context of the prospective EMVERT trial (EMergency VERTigo). All patients received a standardized neuro-otological examination including videooculography and posturography in the acute symptomatic stage and an MRI within 7~days after symptom onset. Diagnostic performance of state-of-the-art scores, such as HINTS (Head Impulse, gaze-evoked Nystagmus, Test of Skew) and ABCD2 (Age, Blood, Clinical features, Duration, Diabetes), for the differentiation of vestibular stroke vs. peripheral AVS was compared to various machine-learning approaches: (i) linear logistic regression (LR), (ii) non-linear random forest (RF), (iii) artificial neural network, and (iv) geometric deep learning (Single/MultiGMC). A prospective classification was simulated by ten-fold cross-validation. We analyzed whether machine-estimated feature importances correlate with clinical experience. RESULTS Machine-learning methods (e.g., MultiGMC) outperform univariate scores, such as HINTS or ABCD2, for differentiation of all vestibular strokes vs. peripheral AVS (MultiGMC area-under-the-curve (AUC): 0.96 vs. HINTS/ABCD2 AUC: 0.71/0.58). HINTS performed similarly to MultiGMC for vestibular stroke with AVS (AUC: 0.86), but more poorly for vestibular stroke without AVS (AUC: 0.54). Machine-learning models learn to put different weights on particular features, each of which is relevant from a clinical viewpoint. Established non-linear machine-learning methods like RF and linear methods like LR are less powerful classification models (AUC: 0.89 vs. 0.62). CONCLUSIONS Established clinical scores (such as HINTS) provide a valuable baseline assessment for stroke detection in acute vestibular syndromes. In addition, machine-learning methods may have the potential to increase sensitivity and selectivity in the establishment of a correct diagnosis

Knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy among Malaysian Chinese

Background: Epileptics are often socially discriminated due to the negative public attitudes, misconceptions and false beliefs. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy among Malaysian Chinese. Methods: A cross-sectional study by using a 23-item validated, self-administered questionnaire was carried out in urban areas, selected through stratified sampling. A Chinese population was randomly selected in the stratified areas of Penang, Ipoh, Klang valley, and Kuala Lumpur and was asked to complete the questionnaire. Results: Among 382 (74.6%) respondents, 16.2% believed that epilepsy is a type of mental illness. Majority (90.8%) accepted that epileptics can become useful members of the society however, only 16% agreed to marry them. About 57% of respondents recognised epilepsy as nervous system problem. Significant relationships between education level and statements such as, epileptics are as intelligent as everyone else (p=0.009), epilepsy can be successfully treated with drugs (p=0.037) and epileptics can be successful in their chosen career (p=0.009), were found. Conclusions: The general Chinese population in the selected areas of peninsular Malaysia had relatively good knowledge and positive attitudes toward certain aspects of epilepsy at the time of the investigation. However, minority of the study participants demonstrated prejudice and discriminatory behaviour towards people with epilepsy

Geometric representation of interval exchange maps over algebraic number fields

We consider the restriction of interval exchange transformations to algebraic number fields, which leads to maps on lattices. We characterize renormalizability arithmetically, and study its relationships with a geometrical quantity that we call the drift vector. We exhibit some examples of renormalizable interval exchange maps with zero and non-zero drift vector, and carry out some investigations of their properties. In particular, we look for evidence of the finite decomposition property: each lattice is the union of finitely many orbits.Comment: 34 pages, 8 postscript figure