Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Survey of Iranian Children and Adolescents

Objective: Considering the impact of rapid sociocultural, political, and economical changes on societies and families, population-based surveys of mental disorders in different communities are needed to describe the magnitude of mental health problems and their disabling effects at the individual, familial, and societal levels. Method: A population-based cross sectional survey (IRCAP project) of 30 532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by 250 clinical psychologists trained to use the validated Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-PL (K-SADS-PL). Results: In this national epidemiological survey, 6209 out of 30 532 (22.31%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. The anxiety disorders (14.13%) and behavioral disorders (8.3%) had the highest prevalence, while eating disorders (0.13%) and psychotic symptoms (0.26%) had the lowest. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly lower in girls (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.90), in those living in the rural area (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), in those aged 15-18 years (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), as well as that was significantly higher in those who had a parent suffering from mental disorders (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.63-2.36 for mother and OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66 for father) or physical illness (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35 for mother and OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.28 for father). Conclusion: About one fifth of Iranian children and adolescents suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we should give a greater priority to promoting mental health and public health, provide more accessible services and trainings, and reduce barriers to accessing existing services

مقایسه الگوی غذایی دوران بارداری در مادران دارای کودک کم وزن و با وزن طبیعی هنگام تولد

مقدمه: کم‌وزنی هنگام تولد (وزن کمتر از 2500 گرم)، یکی از عوامل مهم در مرگ‌و‌میر نوزادان در مشکلات بهداشتی مهم است. دریافت ناکافی مواد غذایی سالم در دوران بارداری می‌تواند بر سلامت جنین اثر بگذارد و الگوی غذایی نامناسب، عاملی برای خطر تولد نوزاد کم وزن است. با توجه به اهمیت سلامت کودکان، مطالعه حاضر با هدف مقایسه الگوی غذایی دوران بارداری مادران دارای کودک کم وزن و با وزن طبیعی هنگام تولد در جنوب شهر تهران انجام شد. روش‌کار: این مطالعه مورد شاهدی در سال 1394 بر روی 262 نفر از مادران سالم مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز جنوب شهر تهران که در سه ماه نزدیک به زمان انجام مطالعه کودک خود را به دنیا آورده بودند، انجام شد. اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی و الگوی غذایی با استفاده از پرسش‌نامه جمع‌‌آوری گردید. الگوهای غذایی بر اساس داده‌های موجود با روش تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی تعیین شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS (نسخه 22) و آزمون‌های تی مستقل و کای دو انجام شد. میزان p کمتر از 05/0 معنادار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج، میزان کم‌وزنی هنگام تولد در مادرانی که الگوی غذایی ناسالم داشتند بیشتر بود. ارتباط معنا‌داری بین وزن هنگام تولد نوزاد با تحصیلات و شغل و الگوی غذایی سالم مادر مشاهده شد (05/0>p). نتیجه‌گیری: پیروی از الگوی غذایی سالم در دوران بارداری بر نتایج بارداری اثر مثبتی می‌گذارد و موجب کاهش کم‌وزنی هنگام تولد می‌گردد

Blockades of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and L-type calcium channels improve analgesic effect of morphine in alloxan-induced diabetic mice

Introduction: We investigated the role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and L-type calcium channels in morphine-induced hyperalgesia after nociceptive sensitization. Methods: We used a hotplate apparatus to assess pain behavior in male NMRI mice. Nociceptive sensitization was induced by three days injection of morphine and five days of drug free. On day 9 of the schedule, pain behavior test was performed for evaluatin

Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Remediation (CACR) and Psychostimulant Drugs in Planning Skill of Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

This research aims to determine and compare the effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) and psychostimulant drugs in improving the planning skill (as executive function) of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research design was pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with two experimental groups. 23 ADHD children were selected by convenience sampling and inclusion-exclusion criteria. Two groups were matched according to the severity of their disorders and randomly assigned to psychostimulant drug therapy (n=11) and CACR (n=12) groups. The research tools were Tower of London (TOL), Persian version of SNAP-IV scale, the short form of WISC-R, and child syndrome inventory (CSI-4). The data were analyzed by RM-MANOVA and Mixed design MANOVA. The CACR had effective and enduring variation on planning skills of ADHD. In comparison, CACR had an enduring but non-significant impact on enhancement of planning skills. Altogether, both treatments are effective at improving the planning skill (as executive function); therefore, CACR can be used as an alternative technique to treat children with ADHD

The Effectiveness of Life Skills Training on Reduction of the Risk and Enhancement of the Protective Factors against Drug Abuse for Delinquency Children in Reformatory Place

Objective: the aim of this study was investigation the effectiveness of life skills training on reducing the risk factor and enhancement of protective factors in city of Hamadan reformatory place for delinquency children. Method: in this semi-experimental research among 400 persons of Hamadan reformatory place for delinquency children, 36 individual (experimental group 17 persons, control group 16 persons) were selected via random sampling method. The experimental group received 8 training sessions. The main instrument of this research was, drug consuming risk and protective factors questionnaire. Findings: the results indicated that the scores of attitude toward drug, depression and sensation seeking of experimental group are lower than control group and in assertiveness and self-control factors were higher. Conclusion: the life skills training reduced risk factors and enhanced protective factors regarding to drug consuming in delinquent adolescence

ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels and L-type Calcium Channels are Involved in Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia after Nociceptive Sensitization in Mice

Introduction: We investigated the role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and L-type calcium channels in morphine-induced hyperalgesia after nociceptive sensitization. Methods: We used a hotplate apparatus to assess pain behavior in male NMRI mice. Nociceptive sensitization was induced by three days injection of morphine and five days of drug free. On day 9 of the schedule, pain behavior test was performed for evaluating the effects of morphine by itself and along with nimodipine, a blocker of L-type calcium channels and diazoxide, an opener of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. All drugs were injected through an intraperitoneal route. Results: The results showed that morphine (7.5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) induced analgesia in normal mice, which was prevented by naloxone (1 mg/kg). After nociceptive sensitization, analgesic effect of morphine (10 and 15 mg/kg) was significantly decreased in sensitized mice. The results showed that nimodipine (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) had no significant effect on pain behavior test in either normal or sensitized mice. However, nimodipine (20 mg/ kg) along with morphine (10 and 15 mg/kg) caused more decrease in morphine analgesia in sensitized mice. Furthermore, diazoxide by itself (0.25, 1, 5 and 20 mg/kg) had also no significant effect on pain behavior in both normal and sensitized mice, but at dose of 20 mg/kg along with morphine (10 and 15 mg/kg) decreased analgesic effect of morphine in sensitized mice. Discussion: It can be concluded that potassium and calcium channels have some roles in decrease of analgesic effect of morphine after nociceptive sensitization induced by pretreatment of morphine

Association Between Perceived Social Support and Happiness Among Community-dwelling Elderly Adult

Background Happiness is usually accompanied with increases in life satisfaction, physical and mental health, quality of life and successful aging. Objective The present study was aimed to determine the relationship between social support and happiness among older people in Qazvin, Iran. Methods In this descriptive-cross sectional, 312 older people residing in Qazvin city who selected by cluster sampling method were entered in the study. Oxford Happiness and Zimet’s Perceived Social Support questionnaire were used for data collection. Pearson, Spearman, t-test, and ANOVA were used for analyzing the data. Findings The results of the current study showed that the younger elders (P=0.019, r=-0.132), higher economic status (P=0.014, r=0.139), having the personal home (P=0.047, r=0.112), fewer number of physical disorders (P=0.001, r=-0.180) and increased social support (P=0.010, r=0.160) were associated with higher happiness. However, it was not observed a statistically significant difference on happiness between women and men older adults (P=0.398). Conclusion According to the results of this study, happiness among older people can be significantly increased by increasing economic status, promoting physical health and strengthening of social support