Voltammetric Determination of Iron in Powder Milk

In this study, voltammetric method which is one of the electro analytical techniques is described. The research focused on adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) in the presence of catechol for confirmation of electro analytical properties of iron. The analysis was carried out after acid digestion procedure then measurement was made using phosphate buffer 7.0 as the supporting electrolyte. The electrodes used in this analysis were hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) which act as the working electrode, a platinum electrode as auxiliary electrode and Agl AgKCI reference electrode respectively. Optimum voltammetric parameter for the analysis of the sample such as initial potential, final potential, deposition potential, deposition time and scan rate were determined prior to sample analysis using iron standard solution at 1 ppm. The result showed that the optimum voltammetric parameters for the determination of iron in powder milk were, initial potential, (Ei) ofO V, final potential (Er) of -0.7 V, deposition potential Eacc of -0.6 V, deposition time ofO s and scan rate of0.030 V/s were obtained. The pH 7.0 was found out to be the optimum voltammetric condition for the determination of iron in samples. 3 different samples of powder milk were analyzed. The result showed that, the sample A and B contained 0.5776 and 0.3075 ppm of trace iron respectively and no iron was detected in sample

Assessing the Risk of Dengue Fever based on the Epidemiological, Environmental and Entomological Variables

AbstractDengue fever is an infectious vector-borne disease in Malaysia. Descriptive spatial analysis indicated the DF infection was normally distributed in urban area. As for the environmental attributes, there was no significant difference except for the existence of abandoned houses across the study area. As for breeding index, it was found to be high in all temporal indices in the locality. However, it was noteworthy that there was a significant difference in the preferred breeding containers in all temporal risk indices. As a conclusion, the risk factors for Aedes mosquito breeding sites should be considered in carrying an effective vector control

Removal of Lead (Pb) From Aqueous Solutions Using Exoskeleton of Black Solider Fly (BSF)

Lead (Pb) pollution in water sources poses environmental and public health risk. It is important to mitigate the effects by developed an effective remediation method. The potential use of deceased black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) to remove Pb from aqueous solutions was studied. The flies were ground into a fine powder, analyzed, and then subjected to adsorption studies using Pb synthetic aqueous solutions. Results showed that the deceased black soldier flies are effective in removing Pb from aqueous solutions. The findings lead to the development of resource-efficient heavy metal remediation methods that use the large biomass of black soldier flies

Effect of food waste on the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency and nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae

The rate of solid waste generation, especially in Malaysia, has become one of the major concerns for environmental and public health issues. Food waste accounts for the highest percentage of solid waste that ends up in landfills. Due to the living nature of humans and their involvement in agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities, the disposal of food waste happens on a regular basis. Due to the absence of an incineration plant, these wastes are commonly sent into landfills which are considered to be the most cost-effective method for disposal. Nevertheless, consideration for an alternative disposal method such as composting shall not be ruled out entirely. One of the established methods for composting food waste is the utilization of the larvae of the Black Soldier Fly. A study was conducted to assess the growth and nutritional composition, waste reduction capacity and nutritional composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) reared on food waste. We found that the larvae reared with the food waste and effective microorganism (EM), LFWEM (BSFL reared with a mixture of food waste and effective microorganisms), have a slightly better relative growth rate (2.66 ± 0.35 day-1) compared to larvae reared with only food waste (2.44 ± 0.17 day-1). The waste reduction index was higher in the LFWEM group (5.36 ± 0.18 g/day) compared to the control group, LFC (BSFL reared with chicken feed) (4.85 ± 0.03 g/day) and the LFW (BSFL reared with food waste) group (5.13 ± 0.17 g/day). The nutritional composition of the BSFL reared using food waste shows some potential as it surpasses some of the amount of essential amino acids including Arginine, Histidine, Threonine and Valine, found in the commercially available animal feeds. This finding serves as a baseline to propose potential replacements for animal protein by using BSFL reared with food waste

Analysis of Air Flow, Air and Fuel Induction for Internal Combustion Engine

In an internal combustion engine, performance, efficiency and emission formation depends on the formation of air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder. The fluid flow dynamics plays an important role for air-fuel mixture preparation to obtain the better engine combustion, performance and efficiency. This review article discuss the rotating flow (swirl and tumble) in premixed spark-ignition engine and its effect on turbulence generation and flame propagation. Rotating flow can substantially increase turbulence intensity for the duration of the combustion period. This review paper discusses the in-cylinder swirl and tumble flow that affects air induction during the combustion process in internal combustion engine. Alternatively, this study using computer simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamic, CFD) which offer the opportunity to carry out repetitive parameter studies. An integration-type flowmeter (IFM) also has been used which consists of ultrasonic flowmeter, that integrates the flowrate during the intake process, gives accurate measurements regardless of sampling time and frequency. Research parameter in this study was swirl and tumble that represents the fluid flow behavior occurred inside combustion chamber. Fuel injection and air mass also were the important parameters that have been discussed about in air induction process.  The results obtain from the numerical analysis can be employed to examine the homogeneity of air-fuel mixture structure for better combustion process and engine performance

Investigation The Influences of Electric Motor and Electric Go Kart Performance

This researcher focused at every type of electric motor and every force applied to a go kart. The goal of this research is to choose a prototype of an electric motor drive mechanism and test its performance on an electric go-kart. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to establish the power requirements of an Electric Go-Kart, as well as its specific motion capabilities and performance specifications factors, in order to access the performance of the Electric Go-Kart motion. The benefit of developed electric go kart is to help decrease the pollution emitted and as a substitute to the typical combustion engine vehicle. However, due to its high congestion and pollution issue, a pollution with free vehicle created. In the first phase of the project, the researcher surveyed information related to the typical of electric motor that use in electric go kart. The second phase of the project is mainly on calculating the forces acted on the Electric Go Kart itself. Three main factor of movement behavior on go kart determined rolling resistance 54.88N, air resistance 28.4N and force gravity going uphill 552.98N. After that, the researcher selects drive system components with required specifications. The Brushless DC Motor was selected with 2000W 48V whose maximum output torque is 27.6Nm. Towards the end phase of the project, the electric go kart prototype was developed with actual size of go kart 1.94m length, 1.4m width and 0.5m height. Electric motor was analyzed on the motor speed, torque and power to make sure that the performance was approximately the set specifications. In conclusion, the project was success and it can produce a good performance at the go kart

Removal of Phosphate by Paper Mill Sludge: Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetic Study

Phosphate ions have been removed from aqueous solution by paper mill sludge. The influences of experimental conditions such as pH, amount of adsorbent, initial concentration of phosphate, adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics of paper mill sludge were studied. The adsorption of phosphate was more efficient in the basic pH region (pH 12). Pseudo second-order model fits better than the pseudo first-order model for adsorption kinetic data and indicates the adsorption process is based on chemisorptions. The calculated activation energy (Ea) is 37.01 J/mol which further suggests that the sorption of phosphate by paper mill sludge was based on chemical adsorption. Consequently, the equilibrium isotherm data were fitted well to Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 12.65 mg/g. From the study, it showed that paper mill sludge has the potential to be utilized as a cost effective and high capability adsorbent for removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions

Larval surveillance and habitat characterization of dengue vectors in Tangkak, Johor, Malaysia

Entomological surveillance based on larval surveys, provides vital information for dengue management. In addition, the knowledge on breeding habitat of Aedes species is crucial to provide better understanding of their population densities and distribution. The larval surveillance method was conducted in ten outbreak areas in Tangkak District, Johore, Malaysia. The larval surveillance indices; House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI) were evaluated to measure the density of Aedes mosquito population. Then, habitat characterization was analyzed by calculating the prevalence, productivity and efficiency of the collected container. Approximately 1163 houses were inspected in Tangkak District and 86 (7.4%) houses were classified as positive premise. The highest HI were found in Taman Sialang (HI: 25 %) meanwhile the highest CI was recorded at Taman Jalan Ong Siong (CI: 71.4%). Eight out of 10 localities were found exceed the BI threshold value of 5%. The highest BI was logged in Taman Sialang (BI: 70%). Ae. albopictus represent 58% of the collected larvae meanwhile another 42% was Ae. aegypti. Some of the most effective container that contribute to the Aedes breeding in the study area were CID2: Flower pot, CID3: Plastic scrap, and CID4: Pail, with the productivity of 30%, 27%, and 19.8%, respectively. However, only CID2 and CID3 indicate higher prevalence of Aedes larvae with container prevalence of 31.1% and 26.9% respectively. In overall, CID2 was found to be the most preferred container for Aedes breeding since this container record the highest container efficiency (CE) value of 9.6%. The findings of this study could assist the health authority in the early prevention and control of dengue outbreak in Tangkak, Johor

Investigation Of Natural Fibre Metal Laminate As Car Front Hood

Due to the increasing awareness on environmental impact and the needs towards sustainability, weight reduction of the vehicles is one of the most promising solutions to improve fuel efficiency towards achieving the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Fibre metal laminate is one of the lightweight material that inherits advantages of metal and fibre reinforced composite. Therefore, the drive of this study is to determine the effect of water absorption on tensile properties, thickness swelling and forming analysis of the natural fibre metal laminate. Fabrication of natural fibre metal laminate consists of two layers of kenaf woven fabric in polypropylene matrix and aluminium 5052-O as the skin. The results show that the natural fibre metal laminate absorbs 0.67% water and has 0.91% thickness swelling. The water content has minimal effect on the tensile properties of the natural fibre metal laminate. While for the forming analysis, the natural fibre metal laminate has higher formability compared to an aluminium sheet and has a higher potential to be formed into complex shape

Selection Of Materials For Natural Fibre Metal Laminates Using Integrated Cambridge Engineering Selector And Pugh Method

Nowadays, most scientists and manufacturers are looking for lightweight materials to reduce fuel consumption and gas emissions from vehicles to the surroundings. Alternative lightweight materials are highly valued by scientists and manufacturers to reduce gas emission problems. Fibre metal laminates are a new range of lightweight hybrid materials with high levels of fatigue resistance, toughness, strength and energy-absorbing capacity. Natural fibre-reinforced composites have been attracting the attention of scientists and manufacturers as they are biodegradable, environmentally friendly, lightweight and inexpensive. Therefore, the fascinating physical and mechanical properties exhibited by a combination of natural fibre and metal laminates deserve further investigation. This research presents the selection of natural fibre and matrix for natural fibre metal laminates for use in automotive body panels. The material selection was carried out using the Cambridge Engineering Selector software and the Pugh method of analysis. Based on the analysis, kenaf fibre and polypropylene (darified/nudeated) were determined to be the materials that fulfilled the objective constraints of this study, namely, lightweight materials at a minimal cost with maximum performance