Effect of structural changes of lignocelluloses material upon pre-treatment using green solvents

The Malaysia Biomass strategy 2020 stated that the key step of biofuel production from biomass lies on the pretreatment process. Conventional ‘pre-treatment’ methods are ‘non-green” and costly. The recent green and cost-effective biomass pretreatment is using new generation of Ionic Liquids also known as Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs). DESs are made of renewable components are cheaper, greener and the process synthesis are easier. Thus, the present paper concerns with the preparation of various combination of DES and to study the effect of DESs pretreatment process on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a model substrate. The crystalline structural changes were studied using using X-ray Diffraction Methods, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and surface area and pore size analysis. Results showed reduction of crystalline structure of MCC treated with the DESs and increment of surface area and pore size of MCC after pre-treatment process. These results indicated the DES has successfully converted the lignocelluloses material in the form suitable for hydrolysis and conversion to simple sugar

Deep eutectic solvents-halophilic cellulase system: An efficient route for in situ saccharification of lignocellulose

Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass is essential for the cost-effective saccharification process to produce fermentable sugars. In this study, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and halophilic cellulase system were used as a new green and cost-effective approach for lignocellulose hydrolysis. The stability and compatibility between DES and halophilic cellulase for lignocellulose hydrolysis were investigated by monitoring the stability of halophilic cellulase in the occurrence of different concentrations of DESs. It was found that halophilic cellulase showed higher stability in the occurrence of 10–20% (v/v) DES. It has been noticed that 20% of DESs, enhanced 2–3 folds in the release of glucose. The compatibility of the DES-halophilic cellulase system has been further evaluated and improved the saccharification efficiency even at high solid loadings. Using the system , saccharification of the rice husk produced three folds of glucose higher than the untreated sample. The yield was estimated to be higher than 1 mM of glucose using the halophilic cellulase -DES system with the hydrolysis for 36 h. DESs-halophilic cellulase system offers a good alternative compared to the available lignocelluloses pre-treatment method in terms of cost, environmental an

Jacques Truchet : La tragédie classique en France, (Coll. «Sup. ».) 1975

Gunny Ahmad. Jacques Truchet : La tragédie classique en France, (Coll. «Sup. ».) 1975. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°9, 1977. Le sain et le malsain. p. 448

Voltaire and English literature

Preface Introduction 1. English tragedy and Voltaire i. Voltaire's conception of tragedy ii. Voltaire's reactions to Shakespeare iii. Dryden, Otway and Voltaire iv. Addison, Fenton and Voltaire 2. English comedy and Voltaire i. Voltaire on comedy ii. English comic dramatists and Voltaire 3. Voltaire and the English epic i. Voltaire and the epic ii. Milton's impact on Voltaire 4. English Augustan satirists and Voltaire i. Voltaire's attitude to satire ii. Butler, Rochester and Voltaire iii. Dryden's satirical influence on Voltaire iv. 'Minor' English satirical poets and Voltaire v. Pope's satirical impact on Voltaire 5. Voltaire's use of English prose i. Voltaire's thought on prose fiction ii. The influence of Swift and Sterne on Voltaire iii. Voltaire, Richardson and Fielding Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Inde

Douglas A. Bonneville : Voltaire and the form of the novel, 1976

Gunny Ahmad. Douglas A. Bonneville : Voltaire and the form of the novel, 1976. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°10, 1978. Qu'est-ce que les Lumières ? pp. 502-503

Henry Meyer : Voltaire on war and peace, 1976

Gunny Ahmad. Henry Meyer : Voltaire on war and peace, 1976. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°9, 1977. Le sain et le malsain. pp. 440-441

Le Traité des trois imposteurs et ses origines arabes

Ahmad Gunny : The Traité des trois imposteurs and its Arab origins. In the 18th Century, the personality of Muhammad drew more attention perhaps than sociological, political and economic questions in Islam. The Prophet was often denounced in published works, though the fiercest attack against him is to be found in clandestine texts, particularly the Traité des trois imposteurs. The Traité, as Massignon has shown, had Arab origins and dates back to the 10th Century, the 18th-century version being a reconstruction of the earlier, Arabic text. But the reconstruction was not as fantastical as Massignon thought. This article shows that a major episode, found in the French text only, may have had a later, historical origin.Gunny Ahmad. Le Traité des trois imposteurs et ses origines arabes. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°28, 1996. L'Orient. pp. 169-174

Jacques Truchet : La tragédie classique en France, (Coll. «Sup. ».) 1975

Gunny Ahmad. Jacques Truchet : La tragédie classique en France, (Coll. «Sup. ».) 1975. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°9, 1977. Le sain et le malsain. p. 448

Douglas A. Bonneville : Voltaire and the form of the novel, 1976

Gunny Ahmad. Douglas A. Bonneville : Voltaire and the form of the novel, 1976. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°10, 1978. Qu'est-ce que les Lumières ? pp. 502-503