Estimation of Distribution of Income in Pakistan, Using Micro Data

Income distribution entered the post war discussion of economic development fairly late. Until the 1960s much of the focus was on industrialisation and the need for capital accumulation. Pakistan was no exception as in the early 60s economic expansion became the main target and means to political identity. Rapid population growth associated with steep decline in mortality demanded acceleration of production to keep pace. Overall aggregate expansion was much faster than before but without benefit for the poor. In that context emerged a new professional interest in income distribution. Haq’s (1964) study was one of the oldest studies conducted to measure inequality in personal income distribution in the high income brackets in the urban areas of Pakistan. The main objective of the author was to present the income distribution pattern in terms of the relative shares of different income groups as well as in terms of Pareto coefficients and concentration ratio during the period 1948-49 to 1957-58 for which published tax data was available. While recognising the limitations of the data used, the author went on to calculate various measures of income inequality including Pareto coefficient and Lorenz curve. The author also made comparison of Pakistan’s income distribution with U.S.A. and U.K.

TESTING THE JOINT IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON OVERTIME ECONOMIC GROWTH OF PAKISTAN

Foreign aid (FA) and foreign direct investment (FDI) a phenomenon of cold war in the post world war-II arena. The dollar recipient countries utilized these funds to augment their developmental activities, curtail balance of payment distortions, enhance the pace of economic growth etc. However, this study was, mainly, devised to check the joint effect of FA and FDI on overtime economic growth of Pakistan. In this regard, time series data over the period 1975-2010 including different support variables i.e. labor force and investment along with target indicators were rendered in the model for the assessment of relationship empirically. Moreover, properties of the data were, properly, diagnosed prior to employ ARDL estimation approach introduced by, Pesaran, and Shin (2000). The study found a robust and direct positive relationship between economic inflow of foreign capital and economic performance indicators, the inflow include foreign aid and FDI. However, the magnitude of foreign aid impact was explored considerably low as compared to FDI. In the end, it is suggested that though impacts of capital inflows are positive but economies must rely upon the indigenous resources to promote development rather depending on external factors

Genetic Analysis of F2 Population of Tomato for Studying Quantitative Traits in the Cross Bushbeef x Nagina

This  study aims to determine  the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype),Vp(Variance of phenotype),GCV(Genotypic co-efficient of variation) ,PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb(Heritability)  and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV value in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the  lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant. Keywords:Tomato,F2,Genetic analysis,heritability,genetic advanc

Study of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in F1 Generation of Tomato

The research was conducted at Hazara Agricultural Research Station Abbottabad and Agricultural Research Center Haripur during the year 2013 and 2014 in two sowing seasons. The purpose of present study was to find the Vg,Vp,Ve,PCV,GCV,heritability(Hb) and Genetic Advance(GA) for the traits :Number  of  flowers per cluster(fpc),number  of fruits per cluster(frpc),fruit length(frl),fruit diameter(frd) ,fruit size(frs), plant height(pl.ht) ,Number  of fruits per plant(nof),fruit weight(fwt) and yield per plant(yield/pl). Yield per plant showed highest value of Vg(92698) and Vp (221588) and  Fruits/cluster, fruit length, fruit diameter and flowers per cluster showed lowest value of Vg and Vp.  For all the traits PCV value was higher than GCV. Little difference was found among GCVand PCV for the traits like plant height, fruit diameter, fruit size and fruit weight. There is high difference between GCV and PCV for the parameters like Number fruit per clusters, Number of flowers per cluster and yield per plant. High value of heritability percentage was noted in parameters like plant height (91.34%), fruit diameter (90.22%), fruit size (93.53%), Number of fruits per plant (83.69%) and fruit weight (83.69531). Low value of heritability was noted for fruits per cluster, flowers per clusters and yield per plant. Highest genetic advance (91.94%) was noted for the trait, No of fruits per plant which is coupled with high heritability. Keywords: Tomato,Genetic Variability,Phenotypic Variability, V,PCV,Heritabilty,Genetic Advanc

Genetic analysis of F1 generation of tomato for quantitative traits

The research was conducted at Hazara Agricultural Research Station Abbottabad and Agricultural Research Center Haripur during the year 2013 and 2014 in two sowing seasons. The purpose of present study was to find the Vg,Vp,Ve,PCV,GCV,heritability(Hb) and Genetic Advance(GA) for the traits :Number  of  flowers per cluster(fpc),number  of fruits per cluster(frpc),fruit length(frl),fruit diameter(frd) ,fruit size(frs), plant height(pl.ht) ,Number  of fruits per plant(nof),fruit weight(fwt) and yield per plant(yield/pl). Yield per plant showed highest value of Vg(92698) and Vp (221588) and  Fruits/cluster, fruit length, fruit diameter and flowers per cluster showed lowest value of Vg and Vp.  For all the traits PCV value was higher than GCV. Little difference was found among GCVand PCV for the traits like plant height, fruit diameter, fruit size and fruit weight. There is high difference between GCV and PCV for the parameters like Number fruit per clusters, Number of flowers per cluster and yield per plant. High value of heritability percentage was noted in parameters like plant height (91.34%), fruit diameter (90.22%), fruit size (93.53%), Number of fruits per plant (83.69%) and fruit weight (83.69531). Low value of heritability was noted for fruits per cluster, flowers per clusters and yield per plant. Highest genetic advance (91.94%) was noted for the trait, No of fruits per plant which is coupled with high heritability. Key words: Tomato,Genetic Variability,Phenotypic Variability, V,PCV,Heritabilty,Genetic Advanc

Measuring the Impact of Industrialization and Financial Development on Water Resources: A Case Study of Pakistan

The objective of the study examines the impact of industrialization and financial development on water resources, in the specific context of Pakistan. Data set from 1975-2009 are taken for time series analysis. The result reveals that economic growth positively linked with the water resource, as water plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country. Thus limiting this resource would affect the process of economic growth. Industrial processes have a negative environmental impact which causing water pollution. Financial development has an indirect effect on water consumption, as it shows that private firms finds more funding opportunities in a country, therefore, avoid dirty industry game.Economics growth, financial development, industrialization, water resource, cointegration, bonds test, Pakistan.

Redistributive Effects of Fiscal Policy across the Income Groups in the Urban-Rural Areas of Pakistan

There exist a large number of studies related to the estimates of government budgetary redistributive effects and its related problems with regard to different countries of the world.1 Studies of the impacts of government expenditures and taxes in Pakistan have been conducted within the framework of either incidence of taxes or the impact of expenditures across the income groups. The studies carried out by Azfar (1972); Jeetun (1978); Alauddin and Raza (1981) Malik and Saqib (1985, 1989) cover different aspects of taxation—tax incidence, progressivity or regressivity of the tax system across the income groups/individuals and regions. These studies did not discuss the expenditure side of the budget. Shirazi (1996) analysed the impact of government transfer programmes (Zakat and Ushr) across the income deciles. Ghaus (1989) studied the incidence of provincial and municipal government service-related expenditure benefits in Karachi metropolitan and therefore, the scope of her study was limited to one city only. Despite the existence of a rich bibliography on the subject of government redistrbutive budgetary effects and its related problems, no study is available which covers the overall redistributive impacts of government budgetary policy in Pakistan. This study explores the impacts of government expenditures and taxes on the distribution of income across various income groups along with net fiscal impacts in the urban-rural areas of Pakistan. The rest of our study is organised as follows. In the following section, Part II, we describe the methodology and data set. In Part III, the results of the study are presented. The Part IV concludes the paper.

The impact of demographic trends on economic growth ? productivity in Pakistan (1980-2007)

This paper seeks to examine the impact of demographic variables on economic growth in Pakistan. A long-run relationship between the variables has been found by applying Johanson?s Co-integration Technique after finding the series I(1). The Error Correction Model (ECM) has been applied to streamline the short-run and long- run impacts of the variables on economic growth. Population has a positive but decreasing impact on economic growth in the long run. Trade liberalisation and Human Capital Formation have a negative impact on globalisation in the long run and an insignificant impact in the short run. As a result of an increase in unemployment in the labour market in the short run, Life Expectancy, Labour Productivity Per Capita and Population Growth Rate have a negative impact on economic growth. This analysis will help decision makers in developing strategies and policies to accelerate economic growth, human capital formation and trade liberalisation in Pakistan

Antecedents of Trust: A Case study between Karachi and Dubai Facebook Shoppers

In the adoption of online shopping, the main issue faced by consumers is the development of trust. Consumers are unable to physically examine the products before making a purchase. The study aims to find out the factors that develop trust in Facebook shopping through case study analysis.  A designed questionnaire was circulated to gather the data from participants. The participants included in the study were the shoppers of Facebook. An aggregate of 270 structured questionnaires was circulated in Karachi and Dubai out of which 225 were considered in the study. For the data analyses, demographic statistics frequency and bar chart and descriptive statistics, have been applied. The study concludes that online firms need to design separate strategies plus framework and for both the cities. Countries despite having similar cultural values vary greatly due to geographical distances. Online suppliers must focus on developing interpersonal trust by providing exchange and return policies to consumers that will reduce the risk to an extent and build trust between the store and Facebook shoppers

Nosocomial infections and their control strategies

Nosocomial infections are also known as hospital-acquired/associated infections. National Healthcare Safety Network along with Centers for Disease Control for surveillance has classified nosocomial infection sites into 13 types with 50 infection sites, which are specific on the basis of biological and clinical criteria. The agents that are usually involved in hospital-acquired infections include Streptococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Legionella and Enterobacteriaceae family members, namely, Proteus mirablis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens. Nosocomial pathogens can be transmitted through person to person, environment or contaminated water and food, infected individuals, contaminated healthcare personnel's skin or contact via shared items and surfaces. Mainly, multi-drug-resistant nosocomial organisms include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, whereas Clostridium difficile shows natural resistance. Excessive and improper use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially in healthcare settings, is elevating nosocomial infections, which not only becomes a big health care problem but also causes great economic and production loss in the community. Nosocomial infections can be controlled by measuring and comparing the infection rates within healthcare settings and sticking to the best healthcare practices. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides the methodology for surveillance of nosocomial infections along with investigation of major outbreaks. By means of this surveillance, hospitals can devise a strategy comprising of infection control practices