Citrus of the world: a Citrus directory

De nombreuses classifications ont tenté de structurer le genre citrus qui constitue un groupe végétal complexe. L'importance des noms locaux, issus de la tradition orale, et plus récemment, l'apparition de dénominations commerciales augmentent encore le nombre des appellations. Cet annuaire représente une tentative d'identification et de standardisation du groupe. Il s'appuie sur la classification très détaillée du Japonais Tanaka, les équivalences avec celle de l'Américain Swingle sont données en annexes. Les tableaux indiquent pour chaque nom rencontré (nom local, appellation commerciale, variante orthographique...) son binôme latin et son nom standardisé. Un synthèse des appellations hybrides complète cet annuair

Detection of greening BLO by electron microscopy, DNA hybridization in citrus leaves with and without mottle from various regions in India

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Evaluation of immunological and molecular techniques for the detection of different isolates of banana bunchy top virus in India.

Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) is one of the most serious viral disease affecting banana world wide and cause great threat to banana cultivation in India (Dale, 1987). In lower pulney hills of Tamil Nadu state, a famous, unique flavoured elite dessert banana cultivar Virupakshi (Pome group AAB) has been almost destroyed by the BBTD and the area under this banana has been reduced from 18,000 ha to 2,000 ha (Kesavamoorthy, 1980). In Jalgaon district of Maharastra state, 17.16 million plants were affected with BBTV in 2008 and caused an economic loss of around US$ 51 million (unpublished).In this study, Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) infecting hill banana cv. Virupakshi (AAB) was purified and raised polyclonal antiserum which had a titre of 1:500. Direct Antigen Coating (DAC)-ELISA, PCR and Nucleic Acid Spot Hybridization (NASH) with non-radioactive probe techniques were optimized and compared for detection of BBTV. In PCR, the virus could be detected at a dilution of 1:1000 whereas DAC-ELISA and NASH detected the virus at 50 and 500 dilutions respectively. Five BBTV isolates collected from various parts of India were tested by three methods, only PCR detected all the isolates. Primers specific to coat protein gene of BBTV was used for PCR and NASH tests. As part of validation, 417 samples collected from different banana growing regions of Tamil Nadu tested, DAC-ELISA detected the virus from 336 samples whereas 364 (87.29%) and 404 (96.8%) samples were positive in NASH and PCR respectively. When NASH test was performed for PCR products, three PCR negative samples tested positive. This is the first report that the coat protein gene specific primers have been used for detection of BBTV. The PCR and PCR-NASH combined techniques can be used for identifying virus-free plants in germplasm and routine indexing of BBTV in certification of tissue culture plants in India

Detection of Banana bunchy top virus and Banana streak Mysore virus by PCR: impact of storing virus infected banana samples

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and Banana streak Mysore virus (BSMyV) are economically important DNA viruses infecting of banana in India. A study was conducted to evaluate different methods of storage for BBTV and BSMyV infected banana leaf samples for detection by PCR. Virus infected leaves were stored at room temperature (28°C±2) as dried samples, which were processed by three methods viz., hot air oven at 55°C, calcium chloride (CaCl2), and air drying (28±2°C), at 4°C (in refrigerator) and at -86°C (in deep freezer) as wet samples. BBTV was detected in all samples stored at all conditions up to 15th day of storage. On 30th day of storage, the virus was consistently detected in samples dried in hot air oven and desiccated using CaCl2 but not in samples dried at room temperature BSMyV was detected in symptomatic leaf samples dried in hot air oven and CaCl2 desiccation on 45th day of storage and even up to 60th day of storage for samples stored at 4°C and -86°C. In case of asymptomatic samples, the virus was detected on 30th day of storage for samples desiccated with CaCl2 and at 4°C and -86°C. Drying the samples by CaCl2 desiccation improved the detection of banana viruses by PCR. It is recommended that the tissue culture industries can dry the banana leaf samples by CaCl2 desiccation before dispatching to accredited laboratories for testing BBTV and BSMyV

Detecção e análise da variabilidade de seqüências do Banana streak virus (BSV) em bananeiras no Brasil Detection and analysis of Banana streak virus (BSV) sequences variability of banana from Brazil

A técnica de PCR utilizando-se "primers" degenerados para o gênero Badnavirus foi utilizada para a detecção e análise da variabilidade de seqüências do Banana streak virus (BSV) provenientes de bananeiras. A partir desta metodologia seqüências do vírus puderam ser detectadas em cultivares diplóides (AA), triplóides (AAA; AAB) e tetraplóides (AAAB). Foram encontrados quatro padrões de seqüência do BSV (estirpes BSVBR-1, BSVBR-2, BSVBR-3 e BSVBR-4), diferenciadas através da análise do perfil eletroforético das amostras amplificadas. A estirpe BSVBR-1 prevalece nos estados do Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, e São Paulo, enquanto que, a estirpe BSVBR-2 foi encontrada em amostras oriundas do Amazonas e do Ceará. As estirpes BSVBR-3 e BSVBR-4 foram encontradas apenas no Ceará. Este trabalho revela a presença de diferentes estirpes do BSV no Brasil, bem como a existência de cultivares de bananeiras sadias e livres de seqüências virais do BSV integradas ao seu genoma.<br>PCR assay using degenerate primers, designed to Badnavirus genus, was used to detect and analyse the variability of BSV strains sequences from banana. The virus was detected in diploid (AA), triploids (AAA; AAB) and tetraploids (AAAB) banana cultivars. Four BSV sequences patterns (BSVBR-1, BSVBR-2, BSVBR-3 and BSVBR-4 strains) were found, and distinguished by eletrophoresis. The strain BSVBR-1 was found in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Santa Catarina and São Paulo, while BSVBR-2 strain was detected in the states of Amazonas and Ceará. BSVBR-3 and BSVBR-4 strains were found only in the state of Ceará. This work demonstrated the presence of different BSV strains in Brazil and the existence of health banana cultivars as well as cultivars free of BSV integrated sequences