Efficacy of short term versus long term antibiotic therapy in preventing deep wound infections in elective orthopaedic surgeries

Background: Comparison of the efficacy of short term (up to 48 hours) versus long term (five days) antibiotic therapy in preventing deep wound infections in elective orthopaedic surgeries.Methods: Two hundred patients of all ages and both sexes were divided into two groups of 100 patients. One group received long term antibiotic treatment consisting of 2 days intra-venous cefoperazone sulbactam 1.5 gm twice daily and intra-venous amikacin 500 mg twice daily followed by 3 days of oral amoxicillin clavulunate 625 mg thrice daily. Other group received short term antibiotic of 2 days intra-venous cefoperazone sulbactam 1.5 gm twice daily and intra-venous amikacin 500 mg twice daily. Comparison of SSI was done with age, sex, BMI, pre-operative haemoglobin, TLC, duration of surgery in both the groups.Results: In group I and group II respectively, average duration of surgery in procedures involving implants was 65.02±27.41 and 59.47±20.27 minutes and non implant related procedures was 53.66±23.97 and 53.74±22.40 minutes. Overall incidence of SSI in Group I and Group II was 14% and 10% respectively. Mean infection in the present study was 12%.Conclusions: It was concluded that in clean orthopaedic elective surgeries short term antibiotics regimen is as effective as long term antibiotics regimen. Continuing antibiotics for more than two days is associated with drug related complications like allergic reactions and gastrointestinal upset, adverse interactions in other drugs, development of resistant organisms and it adds to overall cost of treatment

Engineered nanoparticles a novel approach in alleviating abiotic and biotic stress in millets: A complete study

Millets are a group of cereal crops that are known for their hardiness and ability to grow in harsh environments with limited resources. However, they still face various abiotic and biotic stresses that can significantly impact their growth and yield. In recent years, the use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has emerged as a promising approach for alleviating such stresses in millets. ENPs are particles that have been intentionally engineered to have specific properties and functionalities. They are often made of metals, metal oxides, or carbon-based materials and are typically less than 100 nanometers in size. ENPs can interact with crop plants and the environment in unique ways, making them a potentially powerful tool for agricultural applications. This review entails several investigations that have studied the use of ENPs in mitigating abiotic stresses such as water deficit, salinity, heat, heavy metal toxicity, etc. in millets that emerged due to changing climate. It has been shown that the application of nanoparticles can improve water, and nutrient-use efficiency along with better resilience to stresses in millets under changing climatic conditions. It also explores the potential of nanoparticles to protect millets against biotic stresses such as pests and diseases. For instance, the use of nanoparticles has been publicized to significantly minimize the reduction caused by fungal, microbial, and insecticidal attacks in millets. In conclusion, the review circumscribes the use of ENPs in millet agriculture showing promising results in alleviating both abiotic and biotic stresses. It also includes insights into uptake mechanism and their mode of action in millet plants after application along with the risks of use and their management strategies as well. This work could have a substantial impact on millet farming in the future by improving yield, resilience, and crop stress studies. It is also imperative to account that the use of ENPs in agriculture should be approached with caution and guided by rigorous safety and risk assessments