4 research outputs found
Detection of Cyanobacteria in Eutrophic Water Using a Portable Electrocoagulator and NanoGene Assay
We
have demonstrated the detection of cyanobacteria in eutrophic
water samples using a portable electrocoagulator and NanoGene assay.
The electrocoagulator is designed to preconcentrate cyanobacteria
from water samples prior to analysis via NanoGene assay. Using <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> laboratory culture and environmental
samples (cell densities ranging from 1.7 × 10<sup>5</sup> to
4.1 × 10<sup>6</sup> and 6.5 × 10<sup>3</sup> to 6.6 ×
10<sup>7</sup> cells·mL<sup>–1</sup>, respectively), the
electrocoagulator was evaluated and compared with a conventional centrifuge.
Varying the operation duration from 0 to 300 s with different cell
densities was first investigated. Preconcentration efficiencies (obtained
via absorbance measurement) and dry cell weight of preconcentrated
cyanobacteria were then obtained and compared. For laboratory samples
at cell densities from 3.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 4.1 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells·mL<sup>–1</sup>, the preconcentration efficiencies
of electrocoagulator appeared to be stable at ∼60%. At lower
cell densities (1.7 and 2.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells·mL<sup>–1</sup>), the preconcentration efficiencies decreased to
33.9 ± 0.2 and 40.4 ± 5.4%, respectively. For environmental
samples at cell densities of 2.7 × 10<sup>5</sup> and 6.6 ×
10<sup>7</sup> cells·mL<sup>–1</sup>, the electrocoagulator
maintained its preconcentration efficiency at ∼60%. On the
other hand, the centrifuge’s preconcentration efficiencies
decreased to nondetectable and below 40%, respectively. This shows
that the electrocoagulator outperformed the centrifuge when using
eutrophic water samples. Finally, the compatibility of the electrocoagulator
with the NanoGene assay was verified via the successful detection
of the microcystin synthetase D (<i>mcyD</i>) gene in environmental
samples. The viability of the electrocoagulator as an in situ compatible
alternative to the centrifuge is also discussed
Quantitative Detection of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube in Water Using DNA and Magnetic Fluorescent Spheres
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess unique properties that
have led
to an increase in their research and usage for a wide variety of fields.
This growing demand of CNTs poses a major public health risk given
its unregulated release into the environment. Unfortunately there
is a significant information gap on the actual quantity of CNTs in
the environment due to limitation of existing detection methods. This
is mainly owing to the ubiquitous carbon chemistry of CNT. In response
we developed a method (<i>CNT-capture method</i>) that is
able to structurally differentiate CNT from other interference carbon
materials in an aqueous medium. The affinity between single walled
nanotubes (SWNTs) and specific single stranded DNA (ssDNA) was employed
to capture SWNTs in water. SWNT-specific separation was obtained via
magnetic separation. Dual fluorescent labels attached to sandwich
ssDNA probes were used for quantification. The specific affinity between
DNA and SWNTs was verified and no significant side-interactions were
observed. With optimized incubation duration (30 min) and buffer composition
(10<sup>–7</sup> % sodium dodecyl sulfate and pH 7.9), a calibration
curve of quantification (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.90) was
obtained with a range of SWNT concentration (0.05–10 μg/mL)
against graphene as a planar analog. Comparison to other spectroscopy
based methods was carried out to highlight the specificity and sensitivity
of the presented method for CNT detection in aquatic sample
Highly Sensitive Detection of Bisphenol A by NanoAptamer Assay with Truncated Aptamer
For
the sensitive quantification of bisphenol A (BPA), we have
developed NanoAptamer assay, which employs aptamer and complementary
signaling DNA, a set of quantum dots (QD), and magnetic beads (MBs).
Signaling DNA–QD<sub>655</sub> was tethered to MB–QD<sub>565</sub> via the aptamer. The affinity of the aptamer to BPA resulted
in the release of the signaling DNA–QD<sub>655</sub> from the
complex and hence the corresponding decrease in the QD<sub>655</sub> fluorescence measurement signal. Three new aptamers (23, 58, and
24-mer) were designed via truncation of the reference aptamer (73-mer).
The sensitivity and selectivity of each aptamer for BPA detection
via NanoAptamer assay were investigated. One of the truncated aptamers
(24-mer) has shown a significantly better performance (limit of detection,
LOD, 0.17 pg/mL) than the reference 73-mer aptamer (LOD, 570 pg/mL).
It has also shown the best selectivity for BPA detection over BPA
analogues (i.e., bisphenol B, bisphenol C, and diethylstilbestrol).
It corresponded to a normalized fluorescence change of 33.7% at the
environmentally relevant concentration of 1 ng/mL (1 ppb) BPA; however,
the analogues remained unchanged (2.3–3.9%)
Adsorption of selected micropollutants on powdered activated carbon and biochar in the presence of kaolinite
<p>Commercially available powdered activated carbon (PAC) and activated biochar (produced in the laboratory), combined with kaolinite, were used to determine the adsorption of a beta-blocker (atenolol, ATN) and sunscreen compounds (benzophenone, BZP; and benzotriazole, BZT); a hypothesis was made that the presence of kaolinite would increase the adsorption of those target compounds. Various synthetic solutions were prepared by altering the pH, background ions, ionic strength, and glucose/humic acid content to mimic various natural water conditions. The removal efficiency of biochar–kaolinite was higher than that of PAC–kaolinite, presumably because the relatively high surface area and pore volume of biochar resulted in a higher adsorption capacity for the target compounds. Removal of the compounds in the absence of kaolinite followed the order BZP > ATN > BZT (<i>a</i> (mg/g); Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities were as follows: 85.0, 20.6, and 15.6 for PAC, and 125, 37.5, and 25.9 for biochar, respectively). An increase in the pH from 3.5 to 10.5 decreased the adsorption of ATN, BZP, and BZT by 14.5, 2.1, and 14.4%, respectively, by biochar–kaolinite. Additionally, an increase in background ions and their ionic strength, using NaCl, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and CaCl<sub>2</sub>, increased the adsorption of the target compounds slightly, by 2.0–6.6%, depending on the target compound. Overall, biochar had a higher adsorption capacity for all chemicals tested compared with PAC, suggesting that biochar derived from loblolly pine chip may be a promising sorbent for water/wastewater treatment and environmental applications.</p