Optimisation of electrical discharge machining for oxidation-free metallic nanoparticle synthesis of titanium alloy

Various materials and chemical synthesis techniques have been investigated to develop better-quality nanoparticles with uniform shapes, sizes, dimensions, and dynamic properties. The development of defined nanoparticles (NP) with specific properties is still in search; therefore, in the present work, an approach using electrical discharge machining (EDM) to generate nanoparticles is investigated. The established EDM process has been used to generate uniform nanoparticles with efficient surface-related properties. Electrical discharge machining is a widely used manufacturing process for producing precise and detailed parts, particularly dies, moulds, and other complex shapes. This process involves using an electrode to generate electrical discharges through a workpiece, melting and vaporising the material to achieve the desired shape. In recent years, this area has seen significant advances in improved surface finishing, greater flexibility and Increased accuracy and precision. These advancements have made EDM an even more valuable tool for a wide range of industries and enabled the production of high-quality parts with greater efficiency and precision. As a result of new advancements, this machine can synthesise nanoparticles in the form of waste derbies. In just the past few years, this has emerged as a phenomenon of exceptional interest for nanoparticle synthesis by EDM. It is generally agreed that EDM can synthesise nanoparticles. However, this is a matter of ongoing discussion and further optimisation and update. Some researchers have attempted to solve these problems, which are still under investigation. The present work proposes a simple way to address this issue using an optimisation process and to add oleic acid as a capping agent with dielectric and synthesis nanoparticles of titanium and copper. These results were measured using SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA/DTA and FT-IR approaches. These methods have demonstrated a marked improvement in the quality of material synthesis and produced oxidation-free nanoparticles. In synthesising Ti alloys and copper by electrical discharge machining, the main parameters affecting the synthesis were current, on-time, off-time, and tool gap. The present study was conducted using the RSM experimental design to develop NPs. The experimental findings and optimisation results, a current of 6A, a pulse-on time of 60 ns, a pulse-off time of 40 ns, and kerosene as the dielectric, enabled the fabrication of 10 mm to 20 μm spherical nanoparticles of titanium alloy and copper. High voltage was used to produce 100 to 200 μm sized particles. Oleic acid was used on the surface as a covering agent for the dielectric fluid to obtain oxidation-free particles. SEM Exhibit result of average 20 μm spherical size of particles and EDX revealed no other elements associated. FT-IR graph represents a functional group of oleic acid as a capping agent that prevents the particle from oxidation. XRD characterised the structural properties of synthesised particles to remain the same as before. No crystalline structure changes or phase changes are detected in the material property

Collection of nanoparticles using novel filter process by edm

Synthesis of nps used toxic chemical process. high time consuming. costly. skilled manpower required. still edm not used for nps generatio

A review on an innovative approach for efficient nanoparticles synthesis by electrical discharge machining

Nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn immense attention due to the maximised range of new applications in various fields of industries such as electronics, optical, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics etc. Nanoparticles are the advancement of nanotechnology as a potential candidate to deliver therapeutic agents to targeted organs, tissues and cells. NPs are efficient to lower the drug delivery related problems. NPs have exceptional property compared with bound material like high surface to volume ratio, anti-bacterial property, better resistive nature towards oxidation and exhibit good thermal conductivity. These characteristics make the nanoparticles suitable in various fields. Thus, many researchers are still making research in interdisciplinary about NPs and still going on. This article describes various NPs synthesis method and shows comparatively the theory about their benefit, limitation and possible new process in this filed. A brief review on the Die-sink Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been presented as a potential new process for NPs synthesis

The crashworthiness performance of the energy-absorbing composite structure—A review

The improved energy absorption capacity of composite materials will upgrade people’s safety in accidents. Several parameters affect energy absorption such as fibre type, matrix type, fibre architecture, specimen geometry, processing conditions, fibre volume fraction, and test speed. These parameters influence the composite material-specific energy absorption. The distinct characteristic properties of composites play an essential role in a variety of industries. Automotive applications have attracted worldwide attention due to their rapid use and are expected to increase. This review focuses on understanding the effect of a particular parameter on the energy absorption capability of composites, an analysis of the energy absorption properties of polymer composites. The data from the various researchers are collected and categorised in the field of energy absorption of composites. Many testing methods and refraction types for composites are described

Growth profile study of Escherichia Coli K12 by optical density measurement

Bioconversion by microorganisms plays an important role worldwide over chemical transformation. Thus, microbial fermentation offers a significant advantage in producing valueadded products. The biodiesel industry's primary by-product is crude glycerol. The glycerol waste from the biodiesel industry was used as the carbon source for the fermentation process. The biodiesel industry will benefit from the bioconversion of glycerol into valuable chemicals because it is a widely accepted renewable fuel. For the fermentation process for conversion of valuable product, bacteria's stability and growth conditions were monitored using the glycerol as a substrate. Therefore the growth of E.coli cells were required so bacterial growth are commonly analysed using optical density measurements in microbiology. Hence, in the present research focussed on the growth profile study of Escherichia coli K12 by optical density measurement using the spectrophotometer

Opportunities and ehallenges in Nanoparticles Formation by Electrical Discharge Machining

Nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn immense attention due to the full range of new applications in various fields of industries such as electronics, optical, biomedical, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. NPs gained importance due to their exceptional properties like antibacterial activity, high resistance to oxidation, exceptional adhesive properties, better thermal conductivity and many more. Various interdisciplinary researches have been done in the field and still going on. The aim of this paper is to briefly describe the details of NPs processing methods, their benefits and limitations and the need of new process in the field. In this paper, electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been presented as possible new process for the synthesis of NPs. The challenges in the development of EDM as a NPs synthesis process have also been discussed in this pape

Glycerol Waste to Bio-Ethanol: Optimization of Fermentation Parameters by the Taguchi Method

Global attention caused by pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions leads to alternative fuels that decrease the dependence on fossil fuels and reduce the carbon footprint that preceded the development of biodiesel production. Glycerol residue is generated more significantly from the biodiesel industry as a byproduct and is left as waste. In this study, we utilized glycerol residue from the biodiesel industry as an excellent opportunity to convert ethanol by bioconversion. The waste glycerol was used as a good and cheap carbon source as a substrate to synthesize ethanol by immobilizing E. coli cells. The screening of parameters such as mass substrate, temperature, inoculum size, and fermentation time was carried out using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique. The Taguchi model employed optimization of fermentation parameters. The process parameters showed the mass substrate glycerol of 20 g with an inoculum size of 20%, and 12 hours yielded the ethanol concentration of 10.0 g/L

Experimental investigation on magnetorheological finishing process parameters

Magneto-rheological polishing (MRP) fluid was developed by MR fluid using a magnetic field, non-magnetic abrasives such as SiC and Al2O3, and carrier medium like oil. A magnetic polishing tool was developed using a super-strong permanent neodymium magnet (Nd2Fe14B) with 0.5-tesla magnetic intensity. This polishing tool was assembled to the vertical milling machine for the finishing workpieces. In the present research, magnetic materials (steel material) and non-ferromagnetic (copper) content were finishing using a developed MRP setup for experimental investigation. This research also investigated the parametric dependencies of different abrasives on the magneto-rheological finishing process. It determined the effect of magnetic particle concentration and abrasives on the surface roughness of ferromagnetic (stainless steel) and non-ferromagnetic material (copper). The final surface roughness value has reached 30 nm from its initial surface roughness of 800 nm for non-ferromagnetic (copper). For the magnetic material (stainless steel), the value is 50 nm from 1300 nm

Machine vision for the measurement of machining parameters: A review

Machining parameters have significant value in manufacturing and machining industries as they result in quality and dimensional accuracy of the product. The machining parameters are measured using various machine vision systems. In this review, machine vision and its various procedures have been discussed that are used to measure machining parameters, i.e., tool condition monitoring (TCM) tool wear and surface characteristics like surface roughness, surface defects, etc. Nowadays, Tool condition monitor is a significant machining parameter is developed in manufacturing and machining industries. The development of various techniques of machine vision explore in tool condition monitoring is of significant interest because of the improvement of non-tactile applications and computing hardware. The review also discusses the enhancement of machine vision systems in tool condition monitoring

Facile manufacture of oxide-free Cu particles coated with oleic acid by electrical discharge machining

Particle synthesis has seen significant advances in current trends. However, the synthesis of metal particles without oxidation is a challenge for researchers. The current study presents a straightforward, convenient, and convincing approach for manufacturing copper (Cu) particles free of surface oxide. The die-sink Electrical Discharge Machine (EDM) of copper alloys with oleic acid resulted in the formation of Cu particles with diameters between 10 to 20 µm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for particle examination after cleaning and sonication with distilled water. Cu particles with oleic acid coating retained a Cu phase without oxidation after synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the size and morphology of generated particles. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed the oleic acid-coated Cu surface bonded with an oxygen atom. Also, the agglomeration and change of size involving Cu particles with increasing voltages in the pulse supply in EDM were reported