Aproximación a un moelo de bienestar en adultos ecuatorianos

El objetivo del estudio fue proponer y evaluar un modelo estructural que explique el bienestar como sinónimo de salud mental positiva de los ecuatorianos a partir de un conjunto de variables psicosociales asociadas evaluadas a través de cuestionarios. La muestra incluyó 1064 adultos de la ciudad de Cuenca- Ecuador. Los resultados se analizaron con los softwares SPSS 20.0 y AMOS 23.0, empleando el método de mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Se probaron modelos parciales, el modelo estructural de ajuste más satisfactorio obtuvo los siguientes resultados: GFI=.91; AGFI=.90; RMR=.205; RMSEA=.041; CFI=.90. Se incluyen en su estructura tres factores (Propósito, Relaciones Positivas y Crecimiento), además la dimensión de bienestar social. La autovaloración de salud, la autoeficacia y la gratitud son predictores importantes de la salud mental mientras que el incremento de las emociones negativas tiene un efecto negativo.The aim of this study was to propose and evaluate a structural model that explains well-being as a synonym of positive mental health in Ecuadorians, taking into consideration a group of associated psychosocial variables evaluated through questionnaires. The sample included 1064 adults, inhabitants of Cuenca-Ecuador. The results were analysed with the software SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 23.0, using the generalized least squares method. Partial models were tested, the most satisfactory structural adjustment model obtained the following results; GFI=.91; AGFI=.90; RMR=.205; RMSEA=.041; CFI=.90. Three factors are included in the structure (Purpose, Positive Relationships and Growth), as well as the social well-being dimension. Self-assessment of health, self-efficacy and gratitude are important predictors of mental health while the increase of negative emotions showed a negative effect

Approach to a wellbeing model in ecuadorian adults

The aim of this study was to propose and evaluate a structural model that explains well-being as a synonym of positive mental health in Ecuadorians, taking into consideration a group of associated psychosocial variables evaluated through questionnaires. The sample included 1064 adults, inhabitants of CuencaEcuador. The results were analysed with the software SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 23.0, using the generalized least squares method. Partial models were tested, the most satisfactory structural adjustment model obtained the following results; GFI=.91; AGFI=.90; RMR=.205; RMSEA=.041; CFI=.90. Three factors are included in the structure (Purpose, Positive Relationships and Growth), as well as the social well-being dimension. Selfassessment of health, self-efficacy and gratitude are important predictors of mental health while the increase of negative emotions showed a negative effectEl objetivo del estudio fue proponer y evaluar un modelo estructural que explique el bienestar como sinónimo de salud mental positiva de los ecuatorianos a partir de un conjunto de variables psicosociales asociadas evaluadas a través de cuestionarios. La muestra incluyó 1.064 adultos de la ciudad de Cuenca- Ecuador. Los resultados se analizaron con los softwares SPSS 20.0 y AMOS 23.0, empleando el método de mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Se probaron modelos parciales, el modelo estructural de ajuste más satisfactorio obtuvo los siguientes resultados: GFI=.91; AGFI=.90; RMR=.205; RMSEA=.041; CFI=.90. Se incluyen en su estructura tres factores (Propósito, Relaciones Positivas y Crecimiento), además la dimensión de bienestar social. La autovaloración de salud, la autoeficacia y la gratitud son predictores importantes de la salud mental mientras que el incremento de las emociones negativas tiene un efecto negativo

Spanish adaptation of the general self-efficacy scale for use in ecuadorian context

La autoeficacia tiene amplia relevancia en el ámbito de la psicología clínica y de la salud, puesto que puede explicar un amplio rango de comportamientos de las personas, ya que se refiere a la percepción de la capacidad que poseen para alcanzar un objetivo. En el presente estudio se plantearon dos objetivos: la adaptación al español dela Escala de Autoeficacia General (EAG)para su uso en contexto ecuatoriano y la evaluación de la reproducción de la estructura factorial propuesta por sus autores,en una muestra de 567 participantes. Se analizó la confiabilidad, dimensionalidad y validez de la escala.Los resultados muestran una adecuada consistencia interna, excelentes índices de discriminación de cada uno de los ítems, altas cargas factoriales y además una validez convergente y discriminante frente al constructo de Bienestar y de emociones negativas (Modelo PERMA). Con ello se concluye que los datos se ajustan al modelo teórico, obteniendo un instrumento útil para los profesionales de la salud en el contexto ecuatoriano.Self-efficacy has great relevance in clinical and health psychology, since it can explain a wide range of behaviors, because it refers to the beliefs people have about their own capabilities to reach a goal. For the purpose of this study, two objectives were proposed: the Spanish adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) created by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995) in order to be used in the ecuadorian context and the evaluation of the reproduction of the factorial structure proposed by its authors, considering a sample of 567 participants. The reliability, dimensionality and validity of the scale were analyzed. The results show an adequate internal consistency, excellent discrimination indices for each item, high factor loads and also a convergent and discriminant validity against the Wellbeing and negative emotions constructs (PERMA). We may conclude that the data adjust well the theoretical model, obtaining a useful tool for health professionals in the ecuadorian context

Sociodemographic variables related to well-being in people with or without disabilities

El objetivo del presente estudio transversal fue analizar si las variables sociodemográficas: sexo, edad, estado civil, nivel de estudios, ingresos económicos y condiciones laborales, están relacionadas con el bienestar de personas con y sin discapacidad en la ciudad de Cuenca. Los niveles de bienestar fueron evaluados en 1,064 personas través del perfil PERMA de Butler & Kern (2016), adaptado para el presente estudio. Se efectuó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y correlacional. Los resultados demostraron altos niveles de bienestar en la muestra evaluada. En cuanto a las variables exploradas, se encontraron mayores niveles de bienestar en la adultez tardía, las mujeres mostraron mayor nivel de bienestar que los hombres, las personas con pareja obtuvieron mayor nivel de bienestar que aquellas sin pareja, también se reportó mayor bienestar a mayor nivel de instrucción, de ingresos económicos y de estabilidad laboral, no se evidenció relación entre el bienestar y la presencia de discapacidad. En conclusión, contar con mayores ingresos económicos y estabilidad laboral permiten obtener mejor estatus social y jerárquico, lo cual repercute en mayores niveles de bienestar. La mayoría de los participantes registraron altos niveles de bienestar, por lo tanto, estos perciben que el bienestar es alcanzable. En este contexto, resulta necesario explorar las variables sociales relacionadas a las sociodemográficas pues nuestros resultados sugieren que las redes de apoyo, la socialización y las actividades significativas para las personas, elevan el bienestar.The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyze whether socio-demographic variables: gender, age, marital status, educational level, income and working conditions are related to the well-being of people with and without disabilities in the city of Cuenca. Wellbeing levels were assessed in 1,064 people through the PERMA profile of Butler & Kern (2016) that was adapted for the present study. A descriptive and correlational statistical analysis was performed. The results showed high levels of well-being in the sample evaluated. As for the variables explored, higher levels of well-being were found in late adulthood, women showed a higher level of well-being than men, those with a partner had a higher level of well-being than those without one. Higher levels of wellbeing were found in people with higher education, higher income and job stability, there was no evidence of a relationship between well-being and the presence of disability. As a conclusion having greater economic income and job stability allows access to better social and hierarchical status, which results in higher levels of wellbeing. The majority of the participants registered high levels of wellbeing therefore it We concluded that the participants perceived that well-being is attainable. We suggest exploring the social variables related to sociodemographic variables since it seems that the conditions that generate networks of support, socialization and significant activities for the people raise the level of wellbeing. Keywords: Wellbeing, sociodemographic variables, disability.Cuenc

Estructura factorial, invarianza y propiedades psicométricas de la escala de autoestima de rosenberg en el contexto ecuatoriano

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE, Rosenberg, 1965) in the Ecuadorian context. The original version was evaluated along with alternative models proposed by other research in a sample of 535 adults in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis show that the bifactor model has good internal consistency and adequate goodness of fit. Criterion validity was evaluated by correlating the dimensions of positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem with the subscales of the psychological domain of Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF, Social Support of DUKE and Engagement to Life. Self-esteem measured by the RSE is essentially unidimensional and is invariant between the sex categories

Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de apoyo social funcional duke-UNK-11 en una muestra de adultos ecuatorianos

Social support is highly relevant to health and well-being. For this reason, it is essential to have reliable instruments to evaluate it. The objective of the study is to evaluate the factorial structure, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Duke-UNK-11 Functional Social Support questionnaire (Bellón, Delgado, De Dios, & Lardelli, 1996); and assess its suitability in the Ecuadorian context. The scale was applied to a sample of 535 adults residing in the city of Cuenca-Ecuador. The data fit the first-order two-factor scale related to the subscales of confidential support and affective support. Criterion validity was assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (EAR) and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). In general, the results showed that Duke-UNK-11 is a short and efficient data collection instrument with adequate internal consistency, excellent discrimination indices for each of the items, high factor loadings, which can be applied in the Ecuadorian context to facilitate researc

Adaptación y validación del cuestionario de gratitud GQ-6 para el contexto ecuatoriano

Este estudio evalúa la estructura factorial, la confiabilidad y la validez de la escala de gratitud (GQ-6) de McCullough, Emmons y Tsang (2002) y la versión de cinco ítems propuesta por Chen et al. (2009). Resultados de una muestra de 1112 adultos indican que la versión de cinco ítems tiene excelente consistencia interna (α=.926; ω=.891; GLB=.913); cargas factoriales altas y significativas (mayores a .8; p < .01), y excelentes índices de calidad de ajuste (χ²(5)=23.837, p<.001; CFI=.997; TLI=.995; RMSEA=.082, p=.045; SRMSR=.035; WRMSR=.837). La validez de criterio se evaluó aplicando subescalas del PERMA-Profiler: emociones positivas (ρ=.5702, p=.021) y emociones negativas (ρ=-.1786, p=.0316). Finalmente, se ha encontrado equivalencia psicométrica entre el sexo de los participantes. En conclusión, el cuestionario de cinco ítems es válido y fiable en el contexto ecuatoriano. Palabras clave: Cuestionario de gratitud; propiedades psicométricas; adaptación; bienestar; validación.This paper evaluates the factor structure, reliability and validity of the gratitude scale (GQ-6) of McCullough, Emmons and Tsang (2002) and the five-item version proposed by Chen et al. (2009). Results of a sample of 1112 adults show that the fiveitem version has excellent internal consistency (α=.926; ω=.891; GLB=.913); high and significant factor loadings (greater than .8; p<.01), and excellent goodness of fit indexes (χ²(5)=23.837, p<.001; CFI=.997; TLI=.995; RMSEA=.082, p=.045; SRMSR=.035; WRMSR=.837). The criterion validity was evaluated applying subscales of the PERMA-Profiler: positive emotions (ρ=.5702, p=.021) and negative emotions (ρ=-.1786, p=.0316). Finally, we find psychometric equivalence between the sex of the participants. In conclusion, the five-item questionnaire is valid and reliable in the Ecuadorian context. Keywords: Gratitude questionnaire; psychometric properties; adaptation; wellbeing; validatio

Bienestar subjetivo y formación de cuidadores de adultos mayores

La proporción de adultos mayores crece y continuará creciendo. Por esta razón, se hace necesario delinear y poner en ejecución planes de estado que permitan atender sus necesidades sociales; entre ellas, la fundación y mantenimiento de servicios sociales especializados y la formación del personal asistencial apropiado. Se presentan los resultados de una investigación orientada a establecer los niveles de bienestar de adultos mayores ecuatorianos y los paráme- tros que lo constituyen. Los datos fueron obtenidos por aplicación de las escalas de Autoeficacia General, Bienestar General y Bienestar Social, el Cuestionario de Gratitud y preguntas sobre autopercepción de salud a una muestra de 386 adultos mayores que fueron contactados en centros de servicio social o mientras esperaban turno por un servicio público. El análisis muestra que la autoeficacia y la gratitud resultan predictivas del bienestar y que quienes participan en centros de servicio social tiene valores promedio más altos en todas las escalas. Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de que los adultos mayores participen en actividades de tipo académico, social y recreativo para fortalecer sus recursos psicológicos, con énfasis en la autoeficacia y la gratitud. En la formación de los cuidadores hay que re- saltar que el cuidado del adulto mayor trasciende los asuntos médicos y de manutención y que su estado subjetivo de bienestar tiene tanta importancia como la calidad de vida material.The proportion of senior citizens grows in the whole world and will continue to do so in the coming decades. For this reason, it is necessary to delineate and implement state plans to meet their social needs. These include the founding and maintenance of specialized social services and training of appropriate care staff. In this sense, the purpose of the research has been to establish the levels of well-being and the parameters that constitute it according to the opinion of Ecuadorian senior citizens. Data were obtained by applying the General Self-efficacy, General Welfare and Social Welfare, Gratitude Questionnaire, and self-perception questions to a sample of 386 senior citizens who were contacted at social service centers or while waiting for a public service. The analysis shows that self-efficacy and gratitude are predictive of well-being and that those participating in social service centers have higher average values at all scales. The results demonstrate the need for older adults to participate in academic, social and recreational activities to stren- gthen their psychological resources, with emphasis on self-efficacy and gratitude. In the training of caregivers, it should be emphasized that the care of the older adult transcends medical and nursing issues and that his subjective state of well-being is as important as material quality of life

Factor structure, measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the Quality of Life Scale WHOQOL-BREF in the ecuadorian context

Background: The short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) is a popular instrument used to assess quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the following psychometric properties: structural validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, and measurement invariance across sex of the WHOQOL-BREF in a sample of Ecuadorian adults. Methods: We used a sample of undergraduates (n = 987) to assess the WHOQOL-BREF original four-factor structure, a model with correlated factors, a hierarchical model, and two models resulting from the exploratory factor analysis and exploratory graph analysis. All the models were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis and exploratory graph analysis suggest that the items are organized into four factors, although differently from the original version and the orthogonality assumption is not maintained. The confirmatory factor analysis shows that the original WHOQOL-BREF structure with correlated factors presents adequate psychometric properties. However, we propose a four-factor structure that has the best psychometric properties and adequate internal consistency. The results of the measurement invariance show that strict and strong invariance is achieved between men and women. Convergent validity analysis reveals moderate correlations with self-esteem, resilience, and social support. Conclusions: Despite the original version of the WHOQOL-BREF with correlated factors has acceptable psychometric properties in the Ecuadorian context, we propose a version with a different organization of its items, which is consistent with the findings of other investigations

Calidad de vida y variables asociadas: reflexiones, concepciones teóricas y los desafíos de su evaluación

Además, la intención este libro es reflejar la intensa necesidad que se tiene en el contexto ecuatoriano sobre el desarrollo de investigación sistemática en esta área, considerando que es el único camino que nos permite alejarnos de conocimientos superficiales y enfrentarnos a nuevas interrogantes. Por ello, se invita al lector a que se adentre en las páginas de esta obra, esperando que después de un análisis acucioso se encuentre motivado para conocer más acerca del diseño o adaptación de instrumentos psicométricos y la promoción de la calidad de vida y bienestar en la población