Mezclas de cera y bentonita para el desarrollo de arcilla industrial de prototipado: resultados preliminares

The automotive design process and the materials in the automotive industry in recent years has caused great interest to the industrial and academic sector. In this study was to evaluate the effect of the amount of bentonite on the thermal and rheological properties of the compound bentonite / paraffin wax. Two bentonite ratios were used: paraffin wax (40:60 and 30:70). The paraffin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the bentonite was characterized by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The bentonite/paraffine wax composite was characterized by differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology. The sample that contains a higher amount of bentonite shows a lower latent heat, and this could cause a greater heat transfer. Finally, the sample that has a lower amount of bentonite evidenced a lower viscosity, and it could be related to a lower interaction between the particles. The sample S1 due to its lower latent heat compared to S2 could represent an interesting alternative to develop prototypingclays. since these materials are characterized by their low working temperatures and easy malleability. Keywords: automotive, prototyping, latent heat, bentonite, paraffin. References [1]X. Ferràs-Hernández, E. Tarrats-Pons, and N. Arimany-Serrat, “Disruption in the automotive industry: A Cambrian moment,” Bus. Horiz., vol. 60, no. 6, pp.855–863, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2017.07.011. [2]O. Heneric, G. Licht, S. Lutz, and W. Urban, “The Europerean Automotive Industry in a Global Context,” Eur. Automot. Ind. Move, pp. 5–44, 2005, doi: 10.1007/3-7908-1644-2_2. [3]S. I.-N. Delhi, “Automotive Revolution & Perspective Towards 2030,” Auto Tech Rev., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 20–25, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1365/s40112-016-1117-8.[4]M. Tovey, J. Owen, and P. Street, “in Automotive Design,” vol. 21, pp. 569–588, 2000. [5]Yasusato Yamada, Clay modeling : techniques for giving three-dimensional form to idea. 1997. [6]H. Murray, “Industrial clays case study,” Mining, Miner. Sustain. Dev., vol. 1, no. 64, pp. 1–9, 2002, [Online]. Available: http://www.whitemudresources.com/public/Hayn Murray Clays Case Study.pdf%0Ahttp://whitemudresources.com/public/Hayn Murray ClaysCase Study.pdf. [7]Transparency Market Research, “Industrial Clay Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2016 - 2024,” New york, 2016.[8]J. Murphy, Additives for Plastics Handbook. Elsevier, 2001. [9]Y. Hong, J. J. Cooper-White, M. E. Mackay, C. J. Hawker, E. Malmström, and N. Rehnberg, “A novel processing aid for polymer extrusion: Rheology and processing of polyethylene and hyperbranched polymer blends,” J. Rheol. (N. Y. N. Y)., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 781–793, 1999, doi: 10.1122/1.550999. [10]D. P. Rawski, P. Edwards, and U. States, “Pulp and Paper : Non fi brous Components,” no. January, pp.1–4, 2017, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10289-9. [11]J. Speight, “Instability and incompatibility of tight oil and shale oil,” Shale Oil Gas Prod. Process., pp. 915–942, 2020, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813315-6.00017-8. [12]T. P. Brown, L. Rushton, M. A. Mugglestone, and D. F. Meechan, “Health effects of a sulphur dioxide air pollution episode,” vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 369–371, 2003,doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdg083. [13]R. Chihi, I. Blidi, M. Trabelsi-Ayadi, and F. Ayari, “Elaboration and characterization of a low-cost porous ceramic support from natural Tunisian bentonite clay,” Comptes Rendus Chim., vol. 22, no. 2–3, pp. 188–197, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.12.002. [14]Z. Yi, W. Xiaopeng, and L. I. Dongxu, “Prepartion of organophilic bentonite / paraffin composite phase change energy storage material with melting intercalation method,” pp. 126–131, 2011, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.284-286.126. [15]I. Krupa and A. S. Luyt, “Thermal and mechanical properties of extruded LLDPE / wax blends,” vol. 73, pp. 157–161, 2001. [16]A. Saleem, L. Frormann, J. Koltermann, and C. Reichelt, “Fabrication and Processing of Polypropylene - Paraffin Compounds with Enhanced Thermal andProcessing Properties : Impact Penetration and Thermal Characterization,” vol. 40164, pp. 1–9, 2014, doi:10.1002/app.40164. [17]M. Mu, P. A. M. Basheer, W. Sha, Y. Bai, and T. Mcnally, “Shape stabilised phase change materials based on a high melt viscosity HDPE and paraffin waxes,”Appl. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 68–82, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.030. [18]M. Tovey, “Intuitive and objective processes in automotive design,” Des. Stud., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 23–41, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0142-694X(92)80003-H. [19]J. Verlinden, A. Kooijman, E. Edelenbos, and C. Go, “Investigation on the use of illuminated clay in automotive styling,” 6th Int. Conf. Comput. Ind. Des.Concept. Des. (CAID&CD), Delft, NETHERLANDS, pp. 514–519, 2005. [20]N. W. Muhamad Bustaman and M. S. Abu Mansor, “A Study on CAD/CAM Application in CNC Milling Using Industrial Clay,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 761, pp. 32–36, 2015, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.761.32. [21]K. Shimokawa, Japan and the global automotive industry. 2010. [22]A. Bucio, R. Moreno tovar, L. Bucio, J. Espinosadávila, and F. Anguebes franceschi, “Characterization of beeswax, candelilla wax and paraffin wax for coatingcheeses,” Coatings, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1–18, 2021, doi: 10.3390/coatings11030261. [23]F. Valentini, A. Dorigato, A. Pegoretti, M. Tomasi, G. D. Sorarù, and M. Biesuz, “Si3N4 nanofelts/paraffin composites as novel thermal energy storage architecture,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1537–1550, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10853-020-05247-5. [24]F. Paquin, J. Rivnay, A. Salleo, N. Stingelin, and C. Silva, “Multi-phase semicrystalline microstructures drive exciton dissociation in neat plastic semiconductors,” J. Mater. Chem. C, vol. 3, pp. 10715–10722, 2015, doi: 10.1039/b000000x. [25]R. S. Hebbar, A. M. Isloor, B. Prabhu, Inamuddin, A. M. Asiri, and A. F. Ismail, “Removal of metal ions and humic acids through polyetherimide membranewith grafted bentonite clay,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22837-1. [26]S. Betancourt-Parra, M. A. Domínguez-Ortiz, and M. Martínez-Tejada, “Colombian clays binary mixtures: Physical changes due to thermal treatments,” DYNA, vol. 87, no. 212, pp. 73–79, 2020, doi: 10.15446/dyna.v87n212.82285. [27]A. M. Rabie, E. A. Mohammed, and N. A. Negm, “Feasibility of modified bentonite as acidic heterogeneous catalyst in low temperature catalytic crackingprocess of biofuel production from nonedible vegetable oils,” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 254, no. 2018, pp. 260–266, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.110. [28]A. Kadeche et al., “Preparation, characterization and application of Fe-pillared bentonite to the removal of Coomassie blue dye from aqueous solutions,” Res. Chem. Intermed., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 4985–5008, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11164-020-04236-2. [29]C. I. R. De Oliveira, M. C. G. Rocha, A. L. N. DaSilva, and L. C. Bertolino, “Characterization of bentonite clays from Cubati, Paraíba Northeast of Brazil,” Ceramica, vol. 62, no. 363, pp. 272–277, 2016, doi:10.1590/0366-69132016623631970. [30]I. Z. Hager, Y. S. Rammah, H. A. Othman, E. M. Ibrahim, S. F. Hassan, and F. H. Sallam, “Nano-structured natural bentonite clay coated by polyvinyl alcohol polymer for gamma rays attenuation,” J. Theor. Appl. Phys., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 141–153, 2019, doi: 10.1007/ s40094-019-0332-5. [31]A. Tebeje, Z. Worku, T. T. I. Nkambule, and J. Fito, “Adsorption of chemical oxygen demand from textile industrial wastewater through locally prepared bentonite adsorbent,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., no. 0123456789, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13762-021-03230-4. [32]F. E. Özgüven, A. D. Pekdemir, M. Önal, and Y. Sarıkaya, “Characterization of a bentonite and its permanent aqueous suspension,” J. Turkish Chem. Soc.Sect. A Chem., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2019, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.535937. [33]S. Tao, S. Wei, and Y. Yulan, “Characterization of Expanded Graphite Microstructure and Fabrication of Composite Phase-Change Material for Energy Storage,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 27, no. 4, p. 04014156, 2015, doi: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001089. [34]M. Li, Z. Wu, H. Kao, and J. Tan, “Experimental investigation of preparation and thermal performances of paraffin/bentonite composite phase change material,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 3275–3281, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.05.015. [35]S. M. Hosseini, E. Ghasemi, A. Fazlali, and D. E. Henneke, “The effect of nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties of paraffin-based Co3O4 ferrofluids,” J. Nanoparticle Res., vol. 14, no. 7, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11051-012-0858-9.El proceso de diseño automotriz y los materiales en la industria automotriz pen los últimos años ha despertado un gran interés en el sector industrial y académico. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la cantidad de bentonita sobre las propiedades térmicas y reológicas del compuesto bentonita/ cera de parafina. Se utilizaron dos proporciones de bentonita: cera de parafina (40:60 y 30:70). La parafina se caracterizó por espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), la bentonita se caracterizó mediante difracción de rayos X (XRD), análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF). El compuesto de cera de bentonita / parafina se caracterizó por calorimetría de barrido diferencial (DSC) y reología. La muestra que contiene una mayor cantidad de bentonita presenta un menor calor latente, y esto podría provocar una mayor transferencia de calor. Finalmente, la muestra que tiene menor cantidad de bentonita evidenció una menor viscosidad, y podría estar relacionado con una menor interacción entre las partículas. La muestra S1 debido a su menor calor latente en comparación con S2 podría representar una alternativa interesante para desarrollar arcillas de prototipado. Ya que estos materiales S3 caracterizan por sus bajas temperaturas de trabajo y fácil maleabilidad. Palabras clave: automóvil, prototipado, reología, bentonita, parafina. Referencias [1]X. Ferràs-Hernández, E. Tarrats-Pons, y N. Arimany-Serrat, “Disruption in the automotive industry: A Cambrian moment,” Bus. Horiz., vol. 60, no. 6, pp.855–863, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2017.07.011. [2]O. Heneric, G. Licht, S. Lutz, y W. Urban, “The Europerean Automotive Industry in a Global Context,” Eur. Automot. Ind. Move, pp. 5–44, 2005, doi: 10.1007/3-7908-1644-2_2. [3]S. I.-N. Delhi, “Automotive Revolution & Perspective Towards 2030,” Auto Tech Rev., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 20–25, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1365/s40112-016-1117-8. [4]M. Tovey, J. Owen, y P. Street, “in Automotive Design,” vol. 21, pp. 569–588, 2000. [5]Yasusato Yamada, Clay modeling : techniques for giving three-dimensional form to idea. 1997. [6]H. Murray, “Industrial clays case study,” Mining, Miner. Sustain. Dev., vol. 1, no. 64, pp. 1–9, 2002, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.whitemudresources.com/public/Hayn Murray Clays Case Study.pdf%0Ahttp://whitemudresources.com/public/Hayn Murray ClaysCase Study.pdf. [7]Transparency Market Research, “Industrial Clay Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2016 - 2024,” New york, 2016.[8]J. Murphy, Additives for Plastics Handbook. Elsevier, 2001. [9]Y. Hong, J. J. Cooper-White, M. E. Mackay, C. J. Hawker, E. Malmström, y N. Rehnberg, “A novel processing aid for polymer extrusion: Rheology and processing of polyethylene and hyperbranched polymer blends,” J. Rheol. (N. Y. N. Y)., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 781–793, 1999, doi: 10.1122/1.550999. [10]D. P. Rawski, P. Edwards, y U. States, “Pulp and Paper : Non fi brous Components,” no. January, pp.1–4, 2017, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10289-9. [11]J. Speight, “Instability and incompatibility of tight oil and shale oil,” Shale Oil Gas Prod. Process., pp. 915–942, 2020, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813315-6.00017-8. [12]T. P. Brown, L. Rushton, M. A. Mugglestone, y D. F. Meechan, “Health effects of a sulphur dioxide air pollution episode,” vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 369–371, 2003,doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdg083. [13]R. Chihi, I. Blidi, M. Trabelsi-Ayadi, y F. Ayari, “Elaboration and characterization of a low-cost porous ceramic support from natural Tunisian bentonite clay,” Comptes Rendus Chim., vol. 22, no. 2–3, pp. 188–197, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.12.002. [14]Z. Yi, W. Xiaopeng, y L. I. Dongxu, “Prepartion of organophilic bentonite / paraffin composite phase change energy storage material with melting intercalation method,” pp. 126–131, 2011, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.284-286.126. [15]I. Krupa y A. S. Luyt, “Thermal and mechanical properties of extruded LLDPE / wax blends,” vol. 73, pp. 157–161, 2001. [16]A. Saleem, L. Frormann, J. Koltermann, y C. Reichelt, “Fabrication and Processing of Polypropylene - Paraffin Compounds with Enhanced Thermal andProcessing Properties : Impact Penetration and Thermal Characterization,” vol. 40164, pp. 1–9, 2014, doi:10.1002/app.40164. [17]M. Mu, P. A. M. Basheer, W. Sha, Y. Bai, y T. Mcnally, “Shape stabilised phase change materials based on a high melt viscosity HDPE and paraffin waxes,”Appl. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 68–82, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.030. [18]M. Tovey, “Intuitive and objective processes in automotive design,” Des. Stud., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 23–41, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0142-694X(92)80003-H. [19]J. Verlinden, A. Kooijman, E. Edelenbos, y C. Go, “Investigation on the use of illuminated clay in automotive styling,” 6th Int. Conf. Comput. Ind. Des.Concept. Des. (CAID&CD), Delft, NETHERLANDS, pp. 514–519, 2005. [20]N. W. Muhamad Bustaman y M. S. Abu Mansor, “A Study on CAD/CAM Application in CNC Milling Using Industrial Clay,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 761, pp. 32–36, 2015, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.761.32. [21]K. Shimokawa, Japan and the global automotive industry. 2010. [22]A. Bucio, R. Moreno tovar, L. Bucio, J. Espinosadávila, y F. Anguebes franceschi, “Characterization of beeswax, candelilla wax and paraffin wax for coatingcheeses,” Coatings, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1–18, 2021, doi: 10.3390/coatings11030261. [23]F. Valentini, A. Dorigato, A. Pegoretti, M. Tomasi, G. D. Sorarù, y M. Biesuz, “Si3N4 nanofelts/paraffin composites as novel thermal energy storage architecture,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1537–1550, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10853-020-05247-5. [24]F. Paquin, J. Rivnay, A. Salleo, N. Stingelin, y C. Silva, “Multi-phase semicrystalline microstructures drive exciton dissociation in neat plastic semiconductors,” J. Mater. Chem. C, vol. 3, pp. 10715–10722, 2015, doi: 10.1039/b000000x. [25]R. S. Hebbar, A. M. Isloor, B. Prabhu, Inamuddin, A. M. Asiri, y A. F. Ismail, “Removal of metal ions and humic acids through polyetherimide membranewith grafted bentonite clay,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22837-1. [26]S. Betancourt-Parra, M. A. Domínguez-Ortiz, y M. Martínez-Tejada, “Colombian clays binary mixtures: Physical changes due to thermal treatments,” DYNA, vol. 87, no. 212, pp. 73–79, 2020, doi: 10.15446/dyna.v87n212.82285. [27]A. M. Rabie, E. A. Mohammed, y N. A. Negm, “Feasibility of modified bentonite as acidic heterogeneous catalyst in low temperature catalytic crackingprocess of biofuel production from nonedible vegetable oils,” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 254, no. 2018, pp. 260–266, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.110. [28]A. Kadeche et al., “Preparation, characterization and application of Fe-pillared bentonite to the removal of Coomassie blue dye from aqueous solutions,” Res. Chem. Intermed., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 4985–5008, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11164-020-04236-2. [29]C. I. R. De Oliveira, M. C. G. Rocha, A. L. N. DaSilva, y L. C. Bertolino, “Characterization of bentonite clays from Cubati, Paraíba Northeast of Brazil,” Ceramica, vol. 62, no. 363, pp. 272–277, 2016, doi:10.1590/0366-69132016623631970. [30]I. Z. Hager, Y. S. Rammah, H. A. Othman, E. M. Ibrahim, S. F. Hassan, y F. H. Sallam, “Nano-structured natural bentonite clay coated by polyvinyl alcohol polymer for gamma rays attenuation,” J. Theor. Appl. Phys., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 141–153, 2019, doi: 10.1007/ s40094-019-0332-5. [31]A. Tebeje, Z. Worku, T. T. I. Nkambule, y J. Fito, “Adsorption of chemical oxygen demand from textile industrial wastewater through locally prepared bentonite adsorbent,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., no. 0123456789, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13762-021-03230-4. [32]F. E. Özgüven, A. D. Pekdemir, M. Önal, e Y. Sarıkaya, “Characterization of a bentonite and its permanent aqueous suspension,” J. Turkish Chem. Soc.Sect. A Chem., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2019, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.535937. [33]S. Tao, S. Wei, e Y. Yulan, “Characterization of Expanded Graphite Microstructure and Fabrication of Composite Phase-Change Material for Energy Storage,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 27, no. 4, p. 04014156, 2015, doi: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001089. [34]M. Li, Z. Wu, H. Kao, y J. Tan, “Experimental investigation of preparation and thermal performances of paraffin/bentonite composite phase change material,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 3275–3281, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.05.015. [35]S. M. Hosseini, E. Ghasemi, A. Fazlali, y D. E. Henneke, “The effect of nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties of paraffin-based Co3O4 ferrofluids,” J. Nanoparticle Res., vol. 14, no. 7, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11051-012-0858-9