Erie County as a Metro-Wide School District

Studies show that the quality of a child’s education is largely dependent on her family’s wealth, race, and residence. When a child living in deep poverty is educated in a poor school district, she has little exposure to the opportunities and experiences enjoyed by children in wealthier districts. Metro-wide school districts attempt to equalize educational opportunities for all students, raise regional academic achievement levels, and generate better relations across economic, ethnic, and racial lines. These districts often form by consolidating urban and suburban school districts within a region into one centralized unit, often on a county-wide scale

Network depth: identifying median and contours in complex networks

Centrality descriptors are widely used to rank nodes according to specific concept(s) of importance. Despite the large number of centrality measures available nowadays, it is still poorly understood how to identify the node which can be considered as the `centre' of a complex network. In fact, this problem corresponds to finding the median of a complex network. The median is a non-parametric and robust estimator of the location parameter of a probability distribution. In this work, we present the most natural generalisation of the concept of median to the realm of complex networks, discussing its advantages for defining the centre of the system and percentiles around that centre. To this aim, we introduce a new statistical data depth and we apply it to networks embedded in a geometric space induced by different metrics. The application of our framework to empirical networks allows us to identify median nodes which are socially or biologically relevant

Comment penser la médiation inscrite dans les outils et leurs dispositifs : Une approche par le système artefactuel

National audienceTools are technical and cognitive resources, but also a social process and cultural indicative of situated action or shared and distributed knowledge. The tools and devices are human constructions and their development depends on the specific procedure, think of the users on the ends. The artifactual process allows a model of these aspects.Les outils sont des moyens techniques et cognitifs mais aussi un processus social et culturel révélateur d'une action située et de connaissances partagées et distribuées. Les outils et dispositifs sont des constructions humaines et leur développement dépend étroitement du mode opératoire spécifique et de la réflexion des utilisateurs sur les finalités. Le processus artefactuel permet de modéliser ces aspects

L'analyse du processus métier au cœur du système d'information oriente le projet d'intelligence économique

This text is considering a modeling business processes as a system. The system brings together people, tools, knowledge, situation and context. For this, we propose to look at the professional gestures as answers relating to an action. We describe the difference between the concepts of processes and procedures. This difference enables us to look at the business process as a cognitive system indexed. It's a system linked to the socio-informational. It's organized as a commonly shared knowledge to serve as a common information system. With our approach, the business process has three functions. The first is organization. It organizes knowledge located. The second is information. It's the source of mediations between the base of knowledge and professional gesture. The third is regulation of the first two. Our view is based on the study of business processes as social and cultural phenomenon reveals a situated action and knowledge shared and distributed. This is an ethnographic approach.Ce texte envisage une modélisation du processus métier comme un système. Ce système met en relation des individus, des outils, des connaissances, une situation et un contexte. Pour cela, nous proposons de regarder les gestes professionnels comme des réponses liées à un contexte d'action. Nous distinguons les notions de processus et procédures et cette perspective nous autorise à regarder le processus métier comme un système cognitif indexé. C'est un système lié au contexte socio-informationnel. Il est organisé comme une connaissance communément partagée pour servir de système commun informationnel. Avec notre approche, le processus métier a une trois fonction. La première est organisante. Elle organise les connaissances situées. La deuxième est informationnelle. Elle est la source des médiations entre la base des connaissances et le geste professionnel. La troisième est régulatrice des deux premières. Notre point de vue se fonde sur l'étude du processus métier en tant que phénomène social et culturel révélateur d'une action située et d'une connaissance partagée et distribuée. C'est une approche ethnographique

Six questions aux approches françaises des didactiques scientifiques appliquées au e-learning.

International audienceLa conception de situations de communication des connaissances pour l'e-learning demande de préciser quels sont les modèles didactiques, pédagogiques, informatiques, les pratiques et usages liés aux technologies, les relations communautaires sur les réseaux qui sont pris en compte

A probability-conserving cross-section biasing mechanism for variance reduction in Monte Carlo particle transport calculations

In Monte Carlo particle transport codes, it is often important to adjust reaction cross sections to reduce the variance of calculations of relatively rare events, in a technique known as non-analogous Monte Carlo. We present the theory and sample code for a Geant4 process which allows the cross section of a G4VDiscreteProcess to be scaled, while adjusting track weights so as to mitigate the effects of altered primary beam depletion induced by the cross section change. This makes it possible to increase the cross section of nuclear reactions by factors exceeding 10^4 (in appropriate cases), without distorting the results of energy deposition calculations or coincidence rates. The procedure is also valid for bias factors less than unity, which is useful, for example, in problems that involve computation of particle penetration deep into a target, such as occurs in atmospheric showers or in shielding