Recent Advances in Research on the Synthetic Fiber Based Silica Aerogel Nanocomposites

The presented paper contains a brief review on the synthesis and characterization of silica aerogels and its nanocomposites with nanofibers and fibers based on a literature study over the past twenty years and my own research. Particular attention is focused on carbon fiber-based silica aerogel nanocomposites. Silica aerogel is brittle in nature, therefore, it is necessary to improve this drawback, e.g., by polymer modification or fiber additives. Nevertheless, there are very few articles in the literature devoted to the synthesis of silica aerogel/fiber nanocomposites, especially those focusing on carbon fibers and nanofibers. Carbon fibers are very interesting materials, namely due to their special properties: high conductivity, high mechanical properties in relation to very low bulk densities, high thermal stability, and chemical resistance in the silica aerogel matrix, which can help enhance silica aerogel applications in the future

Influence of Expanded Graphite Surface Ozonation on the Adhesion between Carbon Additive and Cement Matrix

800x600 Cement mortars modified with expanded graphite (EG) subjected to surface treatments in gaseous ozone were investigated. It was shown that the bonding between carbon additive and cement paste strongly depends on the surface modification of EG and the chemical composition of EG surface plays the important role in shaping the mechanical properties of cement composites. The expanded graphite subjected to ozone treatment showed the substantial increase of flexural toughness of cement composite. The above results were confirmed by XPS and SEM analysis. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.21.2.5860</p

Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Slag on the Durability of Cementitious Composites in Terms of Resistance to Freeze–Thaw Cycling

The article presents durability results for cement mortars made with the addition of slag from municipal waste incineration plants as a replacement for natural aggregate. The undertaken durability tests included frost resistance tests and evaluation of strength, microstructure, water absorption and abrasiveness before and after 150 freeze–thaw cycles. The work reveals that MSWI slag in amounts up to 50 vol. % caused deterioration in the workability and water absorption of cement mortars, regardless of the type of cement used. This, in turn, resulted in a reduction in the compressive and flexural strengths of the composites compared to mortars made with sand alone. Nevertheless, the use of a higher grade of cement, CEM I 52.5 R, resulted in an increase in compressive strength and thus increased the mortars’ frost and abrasion resistance. In addition, after the induced freeze–thaw cycles, mortars made with MSWI slag showed comparable or higher frost and abrasion resistance than those made using natural aggregate

Effects of different grain size of expanded perlite aggregate and content of silica aerogel on the characteristics of lightweight cementitious composite

In this research, an attempt was made to investigate effects of expanded perlite aggregate grain size on consistency, density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and microstructure of 15 different composite mixes with silica aerogel. As for the samples preparation, expanded perlite aggregate of 5 different groups based on grain size, were used for sample preparation, then partially replaced by volume for 20% and 40% of hydrophobic silica aerogel particles. The results showed, that density of the samples varied between 0.35 g/cm3 and 1.5 g/cm3, flexural strength varied between 3.4 MPa and 7.4 MPa, compressive strength was in the range between 12.3 MPa and 55 MPa, thermal conductivity coefficient was in the range between 0.130 W/mK and 0.190 W/mK. Scanning electron microscopy showed that expanded perlite aggregates and silica aerogel particles are capable of being mixed and formed homogenous mixture. Nevertheless, microscope images indicated weaker adhesion of silica aerogel particles at interfacial zone as compared with expanded perlite aggregate particles. Results revealed, that both of the factors: grain size of expanded perlite aggregate particles silica aerogel content influenced the density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The study also indicated feasibility of expanded perlite aggregate and silica aerogel for achieving homogeneous mixture of the lightweight cementitious composites. Study demonstrated that using different size fractions of expanded perlite aggregate affects differently physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of the lightweight cementitious composite with silica aerogel

Influence of expanded graphite coming from the electrochemical oxidation of phenol on cement-polymer matrix

In presented article the polymer-modified cement mortars with expanded graphite covered by the oligomer film, being a by-product of phenol electro-oxidation, were investigated. The changes in the morphology of EG and EG/oligomer as well as in the microstructure of cement-polymer composites modified with EG/oligomer were verified using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The evaluation of adhesion between EG/oligomer and cement-polymer mortar based on the mechanical tests, especially their flexural behavior. It was shown that the oligomer film formed on EG surface made graphite flakes more durable and resistant to bending. Moreover, the oligomer due to the interaction with polymer network in cement-polymer mortar led to the improvement of flexural toughness of composite

Influence of nanosilica and binary oxide systems on the selected physical and mechanical properties of cement composites

The paper presents the results of physical and mechanical tests of cement composites that include small amounts of nanosilica, as well as systems of nanosilica with less commonly used iron and nickel nanooxides. In the work, a physicochemical analysis of the nanooxides was performed to compare their morphological and structural properties, to determine their temperature stability and to assess their behavior in the cement matrix environment. Particle distribution analysis indicated a tendency for nanooxide particles to aggregate and agglomerate, with nickel nanooxide showing the highest degree of homogeneity. For iron nanooxide, the largest size scatter and the largest particle aggregates were observed. As expected, the nanosilica displayed the highest specific surface area, whereas, both nickel and iron nanooxide exhibited higher electrokinetic and temperature stability compared to nanosilica, which guarantees their durability in high pH cement matrixes. Cement composites with oxide additions had slightly lower density and comparable absorbability after 28 days of curing, as compared to pure mortar. In the case of nanosilica, after 7 days of curing, a significant increase in compressive strength was observed in comparison with pure mortar, while the strengths were slightly lower at a later time. Synergistic application of nanosilica with nickel or iron nanooxide resulted in significant increases in strength after 28 and 90 days of curing, where the effect of nanosilica alone was not as spectacular

Research Development in Silica Aerogel Incorporated Cementitious Composites—A Review

This paper presents an analysis of research results for silica aerogel cement composites over the past twenty years. Recently, two trends in the development of these composites have been noted, towards structural applications and towards ultralight composites for coatings and renders. Ongoing research shows that important aspects of cementitious composites with good mechanical performance are the proper selection of aggregates and improved adhesion at the silica aerogel–cement binder interface, which will guarantee high compressive strength with the lowest possible thermal conductivity. The best physicomechanical performance of aerogel cement composites with low thermal conductivity below 0.03 W/(m·K) was obtained when cenospheres and aerogel were used in a weight percentage of 5%. In turn, the prerequisites for using aerogel cement composites as coatings for energy-efficient building façades are the use of large amounts of silica aerogel as a substitute for lightweight aggregates or the selection of an optimal composition of lightweight aggregates and aerogel, ensuring the lowest possible thermal conductivity coefficient. Other important standpoints are water transport and moisture protection of the silica aerogel-based coatings. Therefore, in recent years, more and more elements of the hygrothermal performance, porosity and durability of silica aerogel cement composites have been developed. The article also points out the weaknesses of the application of silica aerogel in the cement matrix, the most important of which are the lack of adhesion at the boundary of the aerogel–cement binder, the increased porosity of the composite, the high water absorption capacity and the significant decrease in compressive strength with large volumes of silica aerogel. Solving these issues will certainly contribute to the wider applicability of these materials in the construction industry

Long-Term Behavior of Cement Mortars Based on Municipal Solid Waste Slag and Natural Zeolite—A Comprehensive Physico-Mechanical, Structural and Chemical Assessment

Limitations in natural aggregate resources and the continuous increase in the demand for concrete as a building material, as well as the increase in the production of waste and the problem with its storage were the reasons for attempts to replace the sand fraction in cement matrices with a corresponding slag fraction. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) slag, which is a product of waste incineration, can be used as an aggregate. This extends its service life and reduces landfill waste. Therefore, three types of cement mortars with different aggregate composition were prepared. In addition, to increase the durability of the cement matrix and the degree of immobilization of harmful heavy metals and salts present in the slag, a natural zeolite with pozzolanic properties was used. A set of tests was carried out on fresh mortar and hardened mortar, including strength tests after 7, 28 and 360 days. What is more, chemical tests were undertaken, including the content of chlorides and sulfates, leaching using the TCLP method and oxide composition. The conducted tests revealed that all mortars had similar strength properties and demonstrated the effectiveness of immobilizing harmful substances contained in the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) slag by cementing