Proposed nomenclature for Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae

The ability to identify and distinguish between the wide variety of celestial objects benefits from application of a systematic and logical nomenclature. This often includes value-added information within the naming convention which can aid in placing the object positionally either via an RA/DEC or l,b concatenation. All new nomenclatures should be created following IAU guidelines. However as the number density of specific object types on the sky increases, as in the case of PN in external galaxies, a useful positional identifier becomes problematic. This brief but timely paper attempts to progress the debate on this vexing issue for the case of extragalactic planetary nebulae (EPN). There is a clear need to rationalise the current ad-hoc system now that many thousands of Extragalactic PN are being discovered.Comment: 3 pages, no figures, LaTeX, to be published in Proceedings of the ESO workshop on Planetary Nebulae beyond the Milky Way held at ESO, Garching, May 19-21, 200

Intrahousehold allocation and gender relations

The paper reviews recent theory and empirical evidence testing unitary versus collective models of the household. In contrast to the unitary model, the collective model posits that individuals within households have different preferences and do not pool their income. Moreover, the collective model predicts that intrahousehold allocations reflect differences in preferences and "bargaining power" of individuals within the household. Using new household data sets from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and South Africa, we present measures of individual characteristics that are highly correlated with bargaining power, namely human capital and in ividually-controlled assets, evaluated at the time of marriage. In all country case studies we reject the unitary model as a description of household behavior, but to different degrees. Results suggest that assets controlled by women have a positive and significant effect on expenditure allocations toward the next generation, such as education and children's clothing. We also examine individual-level education outcomes and find that parents do not have identical preferences toward sons and daughters within or across countries.households ,resource allocation ,income ,

Do shocks affect men's and women's assets differently?: A review of literature and new evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda

This background paper attempts to expand our understanding of the gender-differentiated impact of shocks on assets through a literature review on shocks and gendered asset dynamics and an analysis of new panel data (2007 and 2009) from Uganda and Bangladesh looking at the impact of negative shocks and positive events on men's and women's assets. We take advantage of detailed assets and shocks modules to disaggregate the type of shock between covariate and idiosyncratic shocks and types of assets according to ownership (joint, husband's, and wife's assets). We also consider the impact of life-cycle events such as dowry payments and receipts, and inheritance. Estimation of an asset accumulation regression as a function of covariate and idiosyncratic shocks, with controls for baseline characteristics and asset stocks, finds that although many shocks are similar in both countries, commonly experienced shocks do not necessarily have the same effects across countries and on men's, women's, and jointly owned assets within countries. Land and assets in general were relatively well insured against food price increases in Bangladesh, but jointly held assets and wives' assets in Uganda were negatively affected. Weather shocks negatively impact husbands' assets and wives' assets in Bangladesh and Uganda, respectively. Reflecting differences in country and context, dowry and wedding expenses took their toll on wives' land in Bangladesh, and illness shocks also had a large detrimental impact on wives' assets in Bangladesh, while death negatively affected wives' assets in Uganda. Within households, however, it appears that in Bangladesh, husbands' land and assets were more negatively affected by covariate shocks relative to wives' assets, whereas in Uganda, husbands' assets were relatively protected against covariate shocks relative to wives' assets.Shocks, Gender, assets,

Penunjukan Anak Luar Kawin sebagai Ahli Waris dengan Testamen Bagi Golongan Tionghoa

There were some problems of appointing an illegitimate child as an heir : First, not all testaments contain the appointment of an heir for an illegitimate child; therefore, a Notary is needed in the process of drawing up the testament which is called a erfstelling testament. Secondly, in inhering an inheritance, an illegitimate child does not automatically inherit; it depends on the amount of share through testament (will) by his parents. Thirdly, there are some process which will be done in appointing an illegitimate child. The process of implementing a testament for an illegitimate child should fulfill the requirements of the testament, the completion of all documents, and inheritance certificate from his father (testator)

Pengukuran Kualitas Hubungan Partai Politik Gerakan Indonesia Raya Dengan Followers-nya Dalam Twitter @Gerindra Pada Kampanye Pemilu Legislatif 2014

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas hubungan antara Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya dengan followers-nya @Gerindra pada peride 16 Maret 2014 – 5 April 2014. Elemen-elemen yang digunakan pada pengukuran kualitas hubungan yakni kontrol mutualitas (control mutuality), kepercayaan (trust), komitmen (commitment), kepuasan (satisfaction) (Grunig dan Huang, 2000) sangat berperan penting dalam suatu organisasi. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis isi untuk mendeskripsikan kualitas hubungan melalui twitter. Unit analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tweet dan feedback dari Gerindra sebanyak 499 dan followers sebanyak 767. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tweet dan feedback yang diberikan Gerindra banyak mengandung konten pencitraan partai dan tokoh yang diusung, sedangkan tweet dan feedback followers banyak mengandung pesan informatif. Hubungan antara Gerindra dan followers-nya melalui media sosial adalah Asimetris, yakni interaktivitas kedua pihak tidak menunjukkan hasil yang sama pada indikator yang sama