Probiotics as functional foods: How probiotics can alleviate the symptoms of neurological disabilities

Neurological disorders are diseases of the central nervous system with progressive loss of nervous tissue. One of the most difficult problems associated with neurological disorders is that there is no clear treatment for these diseases. In this review, the physiopathology of some neurodegenerative diseases, etiological causes, drugs used and their side effects, and finally the role of probiotics in controlling the symptoms of these neurodegenerative diseases are presented. Recently, researchers have focused more on the microbiome and the gut-brain axis, which may play a critical role in maintaining brain health. Probiotics are among the most important bacteria that have positive effects on the balance of homeostasis via influencing the microbiome. Other important functions of probiotics in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders include anti-inflammatory properties, short-chain fatty acid production, and the production of various neurotransmitters. The effects of probiotics on the control of abnormalities seen in neurological disorders led to probiotics being referred to as ''psychobiotic. Given the important role of the gut-brain axis and the imbalance of the gut microbiome in the etiology and symptoms of neurological disorders, probiotics could be considered safe agents that positively affect the balance of the microbiome as complementary treatment options for neurological disorders

پیامدهای اجتماعی حمایت دولت‌ها از حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان؛ از دولت رفاه تا دولت پسارفاهی

Background and Aim: Since past time, societies have been encountered with such damages as diseases, poverty and death. Hence, it is for centuries that many states have attempted to reduce such damages via policymaking in order to realize citizens’ welfare rights. Social consequences of such initiatives are manifested in promoting citizens’ life quality level. Therefore, in the modern era, the social policies of the governments have been followed with different approaches from the past and have been influenced by the surrounding conditions of the societies. Methods: Research methodology in present paper is based on cause-and-effect analysis of data and data collection technique is based on library and documents studying in order to respond raised hypothesis in the paper. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Results: Present paper findings suggest that today states have looked at human’s welfare rights through a new approach and have attempted to cover damages from people’s incapability such as unemployment, disability and senescence through wisdom of the crowd and utilizing social initiatives and policymaking in macro levels since such damages would yield to reduction in incomes and consequently, mitigation in welfare level and losing human dignity. Conclusion: The focal point of efforts can be seen in theories resulted from establishing welfare state that could improve citizens’ welfare and life qualities through supportive policies and extending human security indicators in food supply, healthcare services and training and have enhanced life expectancy via a human development approach. Despite of this, states impacted by globalization, have pursued a postwelfare approach on social policymaking based on a minimum attitude toward supporting citizens’ welfare rights. Please cite this article as: Aghamohammad Aghaee E, Abbasi M, Khaleghparast H, Sedaghati K. Social Outcomes of States' Support of Citizenship Welfare Rights; from Welfare to Postwelfare State. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2023; 13(38): e6.زمینه و هدف: از دیرباز جوامع با آسیب‌هایی چون بیماری، فقر و مرگ مواجه بوده‌اند. از این‌رو قرن‌هاست که بسیاری از دولت‌ها کوشیده‌اند برای کاهش آسیب‌های یادشده، سیاستگذاری‌هایی را در جهت تحقق حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان پایه‌ریزی کنند. پیامد‌های اجتماعی این تدابیر، در ارتقای سطح کیفی زندگی و معیشت شهروندی نمایان شده است. با وصف این، در دوران مدرن، سیاستگذاری‌های اجتماعی دولت‌ها با رویکرد‌هایی متفاوت از گذشته دنبال شده و از شرایط محیطی جوامع تأثیر پذیرفته است. روش: پژوهش حاضر، بر پایه تحلیل علّی و معلولی داده‌ها تنظیم شده و روش گردآوری اطلاعات تحقیق، به شیوه اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای در راستای پاسخ‌دهی به فرضیه مطروحه در مقاله است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: درتمامی مراحل تحقیق و نگارش مقاله، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت گردیده است. یافته‌ها: بنا بر یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر، دولت‌های امروزین، با رویکردی نوین به حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان نگریسته و در این مسیر کوشیده‌اند با بهره‌گیری از خِرد جمعی و به کارگیری تدابیر و سیاستگذاری‌های اجتماعی در سطح کلان، آسیب‌های ناشی از ناتوانی افراد، نظیر بیکاری، از کارافتادگی و کهولت سن را پوشش دهند، چراکه این آسیب‌ها، کاهش میزان درآمد و متعاقباً افول سطح بهزیستی و رفاه و نهایتاً از دست‌رفتن کرامت انسانی را در پی دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: نقطه عطف تلاش‌ها را می‌توان در نظریه‌های منتج به ایجاد دولت‌های رفاهی مشاهده کرد که از طریق سیاست‌های حمایتی و توسعه شاخص‌های امنیت انسانی در تأمین غذا، خدمات بهداشتی ـ درمانی، آموزش، به ارتقای سطح رفاه و کیفیت زندگی شهروندان نائل آمده‌اند و موجبات بالارفتن امید به زندگی با رویکرد توسعه انسانی را فراهم آورده‌اند. با وجود این، دولت‌ها، متأثر از جهانی‌سازی، رویکردی پسارفاهی در سیاستگذاری‌های اجتماعی خود پیش‌ گرفته‌‌اند که مبتنی بر دیدگاهی حداقلی نسبت به حمایت‌ از حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان است

The immunomodulatory effects of paraprobiotic mixtures derived from novel probiotic isolates in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via MAPK pathway

Introduction: The positive effects of paraprobiotic which are inviable components derived from probiotic strains, in a colitis model have been reported in some studies, although the precise mechanisms behind these effects have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of paraprobiotics derived from our native Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. In a colitis model as a safer product in comparison to probiotic, through the MAPK signaling pathway. Methods: Colitis was induced by orally administering 2 % DSS to C57BL/6 mice. Alongside DSS, a mixture of paraprobiotics was administered via gavage. After two weeks, the mice were assessed using Disease Activity Index and histopathological scores. Moreover, the colonic specimens were analyzed to determine the expression of inflammatory markers using qRT-PCR. Results: The consumption of DSS resulted in alterations in body weight and the structure of the colon. However, the administration of the paraprobiotics mixture exhibited a significant improvement in DSS-induced colitis in mice through a reduction in body weight loss and an increase in the colon length. Furthermore, there were decreases in DAI and histopathological scores observed following this treatment. The administration of paraprobiotics led to a reduction in inflammation by downregulating the expression of MAPK-related genes that were induced by DSS. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that presented paraprobiotic have a protective effect in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis by mitigating the inflammatory response. The present study provides support for the development of paraprobiotics as a safe alternative therapeutic agent for IBD

Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of native potential probiotics as supplementary therapeutic agents in an in-vitro model of inflammation

Abstract Background IBD is considered an inflammatory disease with abnormal and exaggerated immune responses. To control the symptoms, different theraputic agents could be used, however, utilizing the agents with the least side effects could be important. Probiotics as beneficial microorganisms are one of the complementory theraputic agents that could be used to modulate inflammatory signaling pathways. In the current study, we aimed to identify the precise molecular effects of potential probiotics on signaling pathways involved in the development of inflammation. Methods A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was used to analyze the expression of JAK /STAT (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 and STAT6) and inflammatory genes (NEMO, TIRAP, IRAK, and RIP) after the HT -29 cell line treatment with the sonicated pathogens and potential probiotics. A cytokine assay was also used to evaluate IL -6 and IL -1β production after potential probiotic treatment. Results The potential probiotic cocktail downregulated the JAK genes and TIRAP, IRAK4, NEMO, and RIP genes in the NF-kB pathway compared with cells that were treated with sonicated gram negative pathogens. The expression of STAT genes was different after potential probiotic treatment. The production of IL -6 and IL -1β decreased after potential probiotic treatment. Conclusions Considering the importance of controlling the symptoms of IBD to improve the life quality of the patients, using probiotic could be crucial. In the current study the studied native potential probiotic cocktails showed anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of JAK /STAT and NF-kB signaling pathways. This observation suggests that our native potential probiotics consumption could be useful in reducing intestinal inflammation

The Role of Combining Probiotics in Preventing and Controlling Inflammation: A Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in an In Vitro Model of IBD

Objective. IBD is an inflammatory disease with abnormalities such as dysbiosis and abnormal immune system activity. Probiotics, as live beneficial microorganisms, play a role in maintaining health through various mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune system and the control of inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in modulating JAK/STAT and NF-kB inflammatory signaling pathways. Method. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was conducted to analyze the expression of JAK/STAT and inflammatory genes after treatment with the probiotic mixture before, after, and simultaneously with the sonicated pathogen in the HT-29 cell line. The production of IL-6 and IL-1β after probiotic treatment was investigated via cytokine assay. Results. Treatment with probiotics resulted in downregulation of TIRAP, IRAK4, NEMO, and RIP genes in the NF-kB pathway and JAK/STAT genes compared with sonicat-treated cells as inflammation inducers. The production of IL-6 and IL-1 decreased after probiotic treatment. Conclusions. The probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. showed anti-inflammatory effects by modulating JAK/STAT and NF-kB signaling pathways. The use of probiotics could be considered as an appropriate complementary treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease