The Relationship between Language Games in Discourse Interactions in Classroom and Strengthening and Developing Vocabularies of Grade Two Male Students in Primary School

The purpose of the present research is evaluating the effect of teaching method based on language games on development of students’ language and discourse. The main hypothesis of the research is based on effect of language games on development of students’ vocabularies. The participants of the research included 44 second grade male students in primary school who were studying at 2015-2016 in Qarchak of Varamin in schools which the researcher teaches in them. Sample for study was divided into two groups of experimental and control though simple random. Initially, pretest was taken from the both groups in order to obtain full confidence of their integration and awareness about vocabularies of the lesson. Then the experimental group was educated for 6 months means from October 2015 to April 2016 for 3 hours per week through method based on language game and the control group was educated based on traditional method at the same period through the usual method with the same teacher and training book. At the end of the treatment, posttest was taken from the both group. Results indicated a considerable difference has been made between the experiment and the control groups

Language as a Puppet of Politics: A Study of McCain’s and Obama’s Speech on Iraq War, a CDA Approach

On Tuesday, 4 November 2008 one of the most significant events of the world will happen: the presidential election of the U.S.1 The 44th president of the U.S will enter the White House on 20th January 2009. This election is in fact a competition between two main parties: republican and democratic. This paper studies the speeches of the nominees of these two parties: John McCain and Barack Obama. We selected one of their speeches on a similar topic (“Iraq War”) and incorporated their states in the framework of CDA introduced by Norman Fairclough. The results show that the two senators take two opposite strands on the same event. They use language as a means of promoting their own social, political, personal interests. Language is an effective means for power struggle

Modality Metaphors in TOEFL Language Education with emphasis on Listening Skill: A Functional Linguistic Approach

The present research describes and analyzes the Grammatical Metaphors of modality in the listening module of the TOEFL official books. The present descriptive study used a qualitative content analysis approach, and data were collected via documentary method. In this regard, three official TOEFL iBT books, printed and endorsed by ETS, including a total of fourteen tests were selected: The official guide to the TOEFL test (2017), and Official TOEFL iBT (Vol.1, and Vol.2). In the listening module of each test, there are six texts in the form of conversation and lecture. First, each clause of the texts was separately examined. Then, modality metaphors were compared and analyzed in terms of type and frequency. In total, 31 conversation texts and 53 lecture texts were analyzed. Finally, a total number of 264 modality grammatical metaphors were identified. The results indicated that: 1- Modality metaphors entail a higher frequency in lecture texts than the texts of conversations, 2- The frequency of explicit subjective metaphors has a higher frequency than explicit objective metaphors. Therefore, all types of modality grammatical metaphor were found in the TOEFL texts. Considering this concept and teaching it to language learners can help them have a better comprehension and production of scientific texts.

A new approach to identify crimes in Iranian society: Forensic Linguistics

Forensic linguistics is a discipline coordinated with legal goals in the judicial system, focusing on all branches of linguistics including phonetics, semantics, discourse and etc. This science is not so known in Iran; where as, it can have a lot of applications in judicial system. The authors aim to show how linguistic tools can help the jury and judges especially when there are no clear and typical available proof and documents. Having observed more than 50 live cases in courts and police stations, the authors draw this conclusion that linguistic parameters like semantic tools (meaning of verb), syntactic tools (mood of verb), discoursal tools (power relation)… can be effective to identify and analyze crimes

Obligation Versus Free Will in Khayyam’s Poetry: A Linguistic and Verbal Art Theoretic Account

Although Khayyam is one of the Persian poets whose school of thought and poems are studied the most, there is hardly a research in which his intellectual system is explained and made clear via a linguistic framework. In this paper one of the most debatable matters which is “Obligation” versus “Free Will” is dealt with by using Hasan’s (1989) linguistics and verbal art model. This model provides touchstones for clarifying the concepts which are foregrounded by the poet. In this study other than qualitative analysis of 33 Khayyam’s quatrains which are selected based on their contents they convey, quantitative analysis method of frequency calculation is used as well. The results approve this hypothesis that the notion of “obligation” is foregrounded by linguistic tools against “Free will” as background. Keywords: functional linguistics; free will; obligation; Khayyam’s poetr