Risk factors for sub-optimal vitamin B-12 among adult HIV-infected ART naïve individuals at two urban HIV clinics in Uganda, in April 2010.

a<p>Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, supplement use, MCV, occupation, irritable mood, known duration with HIV, WHO disease stage and current CD4.</p>b<p>Adjusted for,age, sex, BMI, WHO stage, supplement use.</p><p><b>BMI</b>- Body Mass Index, <b>MCV</b>-Mean Corpuscular Volume, <b>OR</b> Odds Ratio, <b>WHO</b>-World health Organization.</p

Risk factors for sub-optimal serum vitamin B-12 among adult HIV-infected ART naïve participants who did not report using vitamin B-12 containing supplements at two urban HIV clinics in Uganda, in April 2010.

a<p>Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, supplement use, MCV, occupation, irritable mood, known duration with HIV, WHO disease stage and current CD4.</p>b<p>Adjusted for,age, sex, BMI, WHO stage, supplement use.</p><p><b>BMI</b>- Body Mass Index, <b>MCV</b>-Mean Corpuscular Volume, <b>OR</b> Odds Ratio, <b>WHO</b>-World health Organization.</p

Risk factors for sub-optimal B-12 among adult HIV- infected ART naïve participants eligible for ART (CD4<350 cells/µl) at two urban HIV clinics in Uganda, in April 2010.

a<p>Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, supplement use, MCV, occupation, irritable mood, known duration with HIV, WHO disease stage and current CD4.</p>b<p>Adjusted for,age, sex, BMI, WHO stage, supplement use.</p><p><b>BMI</b>- Body Mass Index, <b>MCV</b>-Mean Corpuscular Volume, <b>OR</b> Odds Ratio, <b>WHO</b>-World health Organization.</p

A comparison of characteristics by serum vitamin B-12 group among adult HIV-infected ART naïve participants at two urban HIV clinics in Uganda, in April 2010.

<p><b>IQR-</b> Inter Quartile Range, <b>BMI</b>- Body Mass Index, <b>WHO</b>-World health Organization, <b>MCV</b>-Mean Corpuscular Volume, <b>Hb</b>- Hemoglobin. <b>IDI</b>- Infectious Disease Institute, <b>MJAP</b>- Mulago-Mbarara Teaching Hospitals’ Joint AIDS Program T-tests were used to compare means and the chi-square for proportions, except where mentioned.</p>a<p>Some missing data. N = 113 for Normal B-12 & 70 for Sub-Optimal B-12.</p

Logistic regression model for characteristics at ART initiation for adults who were older (≥ 50 years) compared to younger ones (18-50 years) (N=3316).

<p>Abbreviations: ALT – Alanine transaminase; AST – Aspartate transaminase; BMI – Body Mass Index; clear. – clearance; CD4+ – Cluster of Differentiation; CI – Confidence Interval; cp – copies; Cr. – Creatinine; IQR – Inter Quartile Range; Kg – Kilogramme; M² – Meter; SD – Standard Deviation; WHO – World Health Organization; <i>d</i>L – deciliter; g – grams; Hg – mercury; mmol – millimols; mL − milliliter; mm – millimeters; µL – microliter</p><p>* n=968 (</p><p>< 50 years n = 912; > 50 years n = 56) in log 10 copies per milliliter.</p><p>§ <i>Baseline adjusted model;</i> Ω <i>- model with viral load, interaction between gender and hemoglobin; and creatinine clearance (BMI excluded</i>)</p><p>α − WHO stages 2, 3 & 4 included as a linear trend</p

Characteristics at ART initiation stratified by age < 50 years and age ≥ 50 years.

<p>Abbreviations: ALT – Alanine transaminase; AST – Aspartate transaminase; BMI – Body Mass Index; CD4+ – Cluster of Differentiation; CI – Confidence Interval; cp – copies; IQR – Inter Quartile Range; neg – negative; OR – Odds Ratio; pos – positive; SD – Standard Deviation; WHO – World Health Organization; <i>d</i>L – deciliter; g – grams; Hg – mercury; mmol – millimols; mL − milliliter; mm – millimeters; µL – microliter</p><p>* <i>n=968 (< 50 years n = 912; > 50 years n = 56</i>)<i>.</i></p

Association of herbs with significant liver fibrosis in HIV-infected participants.

<p>Multivariate model for HIV-infected participants adjusts for: age, occupational fishing, positive Hepatitis B surface antigen, gender, heavy liquor use (≥1.25 L/week), ART, and CD4 nadir. Only participants with a valid TE scan (468/500) were included in the model. CI (Confidence Interval).</p

Characteristics of participants reporting current herb use.

<p>L (Liters), HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen), HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).</p

Characteristics of known herbs in the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae families.

*<p>one patient took both Ocimum gratissimum and Hoslundia oopposita. mg (milligrams), kg (kilograms).</p

Characteristics of known herbs in remainder of plant families.

<p>APV (amprenavir), ATV (atazanavir), AZT (zidovudine), EFV (efavirenz), IDV indinavir), LPV (lopinavir), NFV (nelfinavir), NVP (nevirapine), SQV (saquinavir).</p