Initial experience with the Codman Certas adjustable valve in the management of patients with hydrocephalus

BACKGROUND: A new adjustable valve, the Codman Certas(TM) valve for treatment of hydrocephalus was introduced into clinical practice in January 2011. It has 8 different settings with an opening pressure varying from 36 to over 400 mm H(2)O at a flow rate of 20 mL/h. The 8th setting is designed to provide a "virtual off" function. The objective of this report is to describe the initial clinical experience with the Certas(TM) valve and evaluate clinical usage with the main focus on the portable adjustment device - Therapeutic Management System (TMS), the “virtual off” setting and compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). FINDINGS: Forty-two patients with hydrocephalus from different etiologies were treated with the Certas(TM) adjustable shunt system. Data regarding implantation procedures, the use of the TMS system, x-ray imaging, and MRI procedures were recorded prospectively. All patients had clinical follow-up at four weeks after implantation and every three months until a stable clinical condition was obtained. The mean time for follow-up was 8.6 months (1–16.6). Seventy-one adjustments were performed with the TMS, 12 were problematic. Twenty-nine MRI procedures were performed and did not cause accidental resetting. Five patients were treated with the "virtual off" function for a period. CONCLUSIONS: We found the Certas(TM) valve valuable in the treatment of hydrocephalus, usability of the TMS was high because it is small and portable, but in some cases we experienced adjustment problems with the first procedures performed by a surgeon, indicating that there is a learning curve. The "virtual off" function provided a possibility of treating over-drainage without the need for shunt ligation or other invasive procedures

Case study on depuration of RAS-produced pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) for removal of geosmin and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and its impact on sensory quality

Effect of depuration on content of geosmin in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) produced in a commercial RAS farm was examined during a 15-day period. Concentrations of geosmin in the fish were related to geosmin content in the water. For depuration, half of the water volume in a 230 m3 production tank was replaced daily with geosmin-free water. After 8 days of depuration and absence of feeding, content of geosmin in the fish was reduced from 710 ± 245 ng/kg to 165 ± 50 ng/kg (mean ± SD, p < .01). Additional depuration for 7 days only reduced the geosmin content to 135 ± 24 ng/kg. Geosmin concentration in the water was initially 34 ng/L but declined to 10 ng/L after 15 days. Changes in geosmin concentrations in water of the depuration tank indicated that geosmin was released by the fish during the depuration. In addition to removal of geosmin, the depuration also decreased concentrations of 28 different volatile compounds from the fish. Sensory analysis showed decrease in intensity of geosmin flavor upon depuration and improved the overall sensory quality of the fish after 2 weeks of depuration. Our study shows that geosmin and other off-flavors in pikeperch from RAS production can efficiently be removed to be a level that is below the threshold to most consumers