Minimal Spanning Tree of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> Isolates in Fecal Carriage in Children in Guinea-Bissau.

<p>Full legend: The tree maps the relatedness of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates. Isolates ≥93% related in DiversiLab analysis are grouped in a pie where each slice represents one isolate in the cluster. Each cluster was assigned a Roman numeral. Red indicates resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which at the time of the study were all easily available antibiotics except cephalosporin to treat gram-negative bacterial infections in Guinea-Bissau. Green indicates susceptibility to at least one of the mentioned agents.</p

Minimal Spanning Tree of <i>E. coli</i> Isolates in Fecal Carriage in Children in Guinea-Bissau.

<p>Full legend: The tree maps the relatedness of <i>E. coli</i> isolates. Isolates ≥95% related in DiversiLab analysis are grouped in a pie where each slice represents one isolate in the cluster. Each cluster was assigned a Roman numeral. Red indicates resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which at the time of the study were all easily available antibiotics except cephalosporin to treat gram-negative bacterial infections in Guinea-Bissau. Green indicates susceptibility to at least one of the mentioned agents.</p

Study Population Characteristics and Risk Factors for Colonization with ESBL-Producing Bacteria.

1<p>Mid-upper arm circumference at time of enrolment examined on children ≥6 months of age.</p>2<p>Test for linear trend.</p>3<p>Child breastfed at time of enrolment.</p>4<p>Bedsharing with another child <5 years of age.</p>5<p>Number of children <5 years of age living in the same household.</p>6<p>Antibiotic treatment initiated prior to presentation at emergency ward.</p>7<p>Reported antibiotic usage during the month prior to study enrolment (excluding antibiotic usage for current disease).</p>8<p>Child hospitalized ≥1 day during the month prior to enrolment.</p

Carriage Prevalence of ESBL-Producing <i>E. coli</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> According to Age.

<p>Full legend: The ESBL carriage prevalence did not vary depending on age. Absolute numbers are presented within bars.</p

Antimicrobial Non-Susceptibility of ESBL-Producing <i>E. coli</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> in Guinea-Bissau¹.

1<p>Non-susceptibility of isolate was defined as intermediate (I) or resistant (R) to respective antibiotic agent.</p>2<p>Non-susceptibility of isolate to three or more categories of antimicrobial agents as proposed by Magiorakos et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051981#pone.0051981-Oteo1" target="_blank">[30]</a>.</p>3<p>Available antimicrobials for common infections caused by gram-negative bacteria in Guinea-Bissau at the time of the study were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone.</p

Different strain types of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolated from various sampling occasions.

<p>E.C = <i>E.Coli</i>, K.P = <i>K. Pneumoniae</i>, ND = Verified ESBL, DL-typing not done.</p

Characteristics of the neonates and risk factors for colonization with ESBL-producing Gram negative bacteria during NICU care.

*<p>Univariate analysis.</p>**<p>Forward step logistic regression.</p>#<p>In univariate analysis, when more than two categories were represented within a factor, each category was compared to all other categories.</p>***<p>Associated with less colonization. NS = not significant.</p

Characteristics of ESBL-producing clones.

<p>CTX- cefotaxime, CAZ- ceftazidime, GEN- gentamicin, CIP- ciprofloxacin, TRI- trimethoprim, AKN- amikacin.</p>*<p>NT-MSLT not tested. <i>E.coli</i> compared to the clone ST131 and clearly divergent.</p

Congruence between typing methods determined by the Adjusted Wallace coefficient [95% CI].

<p>CI, confidence interval.</p><p>MLST-CC, MLST clonal complex.</p><p>MLVA-CC, MLVA clonal complex.</p

Number of genotypes, clonal complexes and singletons retrieved from the four genotyping schemes.

<p>Number of genotypes, clonal complexes and singletons retrieved from the four genotyping schemes.</p