Clino-pathological features of urinary tract infection: a study at Nishtar University Hospital Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical issue among pediatric population and might progress into renal scaring, hypertension as well as end stage kidney disease. This study was aimed at finding clino-pathological features of UTI and antibiotic sensitivity against most common causative agents involved at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan.Methods: This descriptive case series study was conducted at department of Paediatric Medicine, Nishtar University Hospital Multan from July to December 2019. A total of 100 children fulfilling the inclusion criteria, presenting in outpatient department or emergency section of paediatric medicine department, having positive urine culture and sensitivity were selected. Their detailed history, clinical examination and relevant investigations were done.Results: Out of the 100 children, 73 (73.0%) were female and 27 (27.0%) were male. There were 57 (57.0%) children from 1 year to 4 years age group and 43 (43.0%) were of more than 4 years. Most common clinical presentations were fever 83 (83.0%), urinary symptoms, vomiting 52 (52.0%) and pain abdomen 48 (48.0%). Most common aetiological agents were Escherichia coli 74 (74.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 9 (9.0%).Conclusions: UTI is more common in female children. Most common presentation observed was fever and/or urinary symptoms while most common aetiological agent was E. coli

Sensitivity of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in children with urinary tract infections

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the 2nd commonest bacterial infections, after respiratory tract infections (RTIs), and may go on to progress into chronic kidney disease among paediatric population. The objective of this study was to determine frequency of sensitivity of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs).Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done at the department of pediatric medicine, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, from 10th August 2019 to 9th January 2020. A total of 165 patients presenting with UTI and aged 2 to 12 years of either gender were included. Urine sample was taken in sterilized container and sent immediately for urine culture and sensitivity tests.Results: In a total of 165 cases, mean age was 5.15±2.50 years while most cases, 113 (68.48%) were between 2 to 6 years of age. Out of the 165 patients, 112 (67.87%) were female representing female to male ratio of 2.1:1. Sensitivity of ciprofloxacin in 53 (32.12%) and ceftriaxone in 107 (64.85%) patients was found.Conclusions: This study showed the sensitivity of ciprofloxacin in 32.12% and ceftriaxone in 64.9% children with UTIs

ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS AND COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF HYPERTENSION: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY FROM A MAJOR METROPOLITAN CITY OF PAKISTAN

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders clinically manifested by hyperglycemia. Diabetic patient having hypertension has more chances of heart diseases, peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy and retinopathy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of risk factors and related complications in diabetic patients having hypertension. This retrospective observational study was conducted by enrolling 250 patients for study. Results have indicated that there was higher percentage of female diabetics (60.16%) as compared to males due to more prevalence of obesity in females. Patients in pre-hypertensive stage were having more risk factors; salt intake (66.42%), fat intake (67.8%), aerobic exercise <30 minutes (70.2%) and even 50% were not exercising. They were experiencing more symptoms and complications such as thirst (63.1%), dryness of mouth (60.33%), loss of appetite (59.2%), abdominal pain (67.1%), nausea and vomiting (56.3%), frequent urination (56.7%) and high blood sugar level (56.33%). About 92.30% patients were satisfied with the treatment and were following the instructions by the doctors. The study inferred that the risk factors and complications related to diabetes were more prevalent in pre-hypertensive stage which could progress the disease to advanced stages