Bulk-boundary and RPS Thermodynamics from Topology perspective

In this article, we investigate the bulk-boundary and restricted phase space (RPS) thermodynamics of Rissner-Nordstr\"om (R-N) AdS and 6-dimensional charged Gauss-Bonnet AdS black holes. Also, we examine the topological characteristics of the considered black holes and compare them with the extended thermodynamics results. In fact, we have found that the topological behavior of the bulk-boundary thermodynamics is the same as that of the extended thermodynamics, whereas the RPS thermodynamics exhibits a distinct behavior. We also demonstrate that within the RPS formalism, there is only one critical point with a topological charge of +1 $(Q_t=+1)$. Additionally, for RPS formalism, the inclusion of higher derivative curvature terms in the form of Gauss-Bonnet gravity does not alter the topological classification of critical points in charged AdS black holes.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, 1 Tabl

Bardeen Black Hole Thermodynamics from Topological Perspective

In this paper, we use the generalized off-shell Helmholtz free energy method to explore the thermodynamic properties of Bardeen black holes (BD BHs) from a topological perspective based on Duan's topological current $\phi$-mapping. We consider various structures of BD BHs, including regular BD-AdS BHs, BD-AdS BHs in Kiselev's model of quintessence, BD BHs in massive gravity (MG), and BD BHs in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity. We demonstrate that these BHs have one topological classification (TC), i.e., TC is +1 for all BHs considered, and the addition of MG or GB terms, etc., does not change the topological numbers.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in the Annals of Physic

Thermodynamic topology and photon spheres in the Hyperscaling violation black hole

It was shown that a standard ring of light can be imagined outside the event horizon for stationary rotating four-dimensional black holes with axial symmetry using the topological method. Based on this concept, in this paper, we investigate the topological charge and the conditions of existence of the photon sphere (PS) for a hyperscaling violation (HSV) black hole with various values of the parameters of this model. Then, after carrying out a detailed analysis, we show the conventional topological classes viz $Q=-1$ for the mentioned black hole and $Q=0$ for the naked singularities. Also, we propose a new topological class for naked singularities ($Q=+1$) with respect to $z>1$. Then, we will use two different methods, namely the temperature (Duan's topological current $\Phi$-mapping theory) and the generalized Helmholtz free energy method, to study the topological classes of our black hole. By considering the black hole mentioned, we discuss the critical and zero points (topological charges and topological numbers) for different parameters of hyperscaling violating black holes, such as ($z, \theta$) and other free parameters, and study their thermodynamic topology. We observe that for a given value of the parameters $z$, $\theta$, and other free parameters, there exist two total topological charges $(Q_{t}=-1, 0)$ for the $T$ method and two total topological numbers $(W=+1)$ for the generalized Helmholtz free energy method. Additionally, we summarize the results for each study as photon sphere, temperature, and generalized Helmholtz free energy in some figures and tables. Finally, we compare our findings with other related studies in the literature.Comment: 38 pages, 21 figures and 13 table

Teratogenic effects of carbamazepine on embryonic eye development in pregnant mice

Background: Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug used widely for the treatment of epileptic seizures and neuropathic pain. Several malformations in humans, mainly neural tube defects, have been reported as a consequence of its use during pregnancy. The association between maternal use of carbamazepine and congenital eye malformations is not very well understood. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine this association after intraperitoneal injection of carbamazepine during the period of organogenesis in mice. Methods: Balb/c timed-pregnant mice were divided into 4 experimental and control groups. Two experimental groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of 15mg/kg (group I) or 30mg/kg (group II) of carbamazepine on gestational days 6 to 15. Two control groups received normal saline or Tween 20 (polysorbate 20). Dams underwent Cesarean section on gestational day 18 and embryos were harvested. External examination for eye malformations, routine histological processing of malformed fetuses to study eye morphology, and skeletal staining were performed. Results: The mean weight and crown-rump of the fetuses in both experimental groups were significantly reduced compared with those of the control groups. Various malformations were detected such as brachygnathia, calvarial deformity, vertebral deformity, short tail, and brachydactyly. Premature opening of one or both eyes with mild to severe exophthalmos occurred in the 2 experimental groups. Deformed lens, retinal folds with undeveloped layers, and corneal folds with absence of surface epithelium were detected in both experimental groups. Conclusions: This study, to the best of our knowledge, showed for the first time that intraperitoneal administration of carbamazepine at clinically comparable doses during organogenesis can induce several eye malformations in mice. The implication of these results needs to be considered when carbamazepine is administered during human pregnancy. © 2010 Informa UK Ltd

Physiological and Fluorescence Reaction of Four Rice Genotypes to Exogenous Application of IAA and Kinetin under Drought Stress

To assess the effects of IAA and Kinetin plant growth regulators in order to improve the drought tolerance in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.), a factorial experiment was carried out based on complete randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included different rice genotypes [‘Gharib’, ‘Khazar’, ‘Sepidrood’ and ‘IR83750 -131-1’ (‘IR83750’ )], drought stress from 1 to 4 code of the Vergara coding system and control (normal irrigation) and growth regulators in three levels (IAA and Kinetin through foliar spraying and non-application as control). The results indicated, under normal irrigation condition together with IAA application, ‘IR83750’ rice had the highest number of tillers and leaf greenness, with mean of 18.27 and 49.46, respectively. The highest amount of leaf relative water content) 95.11 percent) was related to ‘Sepidrood’. Under drought stress condition, the highest electrolyte leakage (36.59 percent) was observed in ‘Gharib’. In drought condition, the highest leaf drying score was related to ‘Gharib’ in both years, but the highest score of leaf rolling index (9) was observed in ‘Gharib’ and ‘Khazar’. The present findings showed that drought stress had harmful effects in all examined genotypes and the impact in susceptible genotypes (‘Gharib’ and ‘Khazar’) was more than ‘IR83750’ and ‘Sepidrood’. Application of growth regulators (IAA and Kin) improved conditions for the growth of all genotypes. Therefore, using the tolerant genotypes along with growth regulators can improve the rice growth traits

Efficacy and safety of conventional long acting β2- agonists: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide, so finding proper therapeutic strategies for this disease is of high importance. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed the existing literature on the efficacy and safety of conventional long acting beta agonists (LABAs) in COPD patients. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and Google scholar to identify relevant articles. We limited data to double-blinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data of 14, 832 COPD subjects including 7540 patients under a &beta;2 agonist (cases) and 7292 taking placebo (controls) retrieved from 20 randomized controlled trials and were enrolled into this meta-analysis. Evaluated outcomes included overall mortality, exacerbations and tolerance to the drug. Results: The analysis of survival showed no significant difference between those taking LABAs or placebo (relative risk (RR): 0.945, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.821-1.088, P=0.432). Exacerbation rate, however, was significantly lower among the cases than among the controls (RR: 0.859, 95%CI: 0.800-0.922, p<0.001). Similar observation was detected in analyzing the rate of drug withdrawal in patients of the two groups with patients under placebo having significantly higher rate of drug discontinuation due to adverse events or disease symptoms (RR:0.821, 95% CI: 0.774-0.871; p<0.007). Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that the use of conventional LABA therapy in COPD patients is associated with a lower exacerbation rate of the disease as well as higher tolerance to the drug, but no survival advantage is expectable. Substitution of LABAs with new agents is recommended

Improving the efficiency of manufacturing supply chain using system dynamic simulation

Supply chain is a network of different business units which focuses on integration among all units in order to produce and distribute end products to the customer. Nowadays, due to increased uncertainty in customer demand, it is necessary to be sure that the supply chain networks operate as efficient as possible in order to satisfy the customer demand at the lowest cost. Enhancing the efficiency of the supply chain necessitates the interaction between different members of the supply chain which can be achieved through supply chain management. Hence, the development of modeling approach in order to understand and analyze the dynamic behavior of supply chains is brought into consideration. This paper proposes a system dynamic simulation model for manufacturing supply chain. System dynamic is used as suitable method to understand and analyze the interactions of various components via feedback structure. The objective of this paper is to simulate the manufacturing supply chain of an electronic manufacturing company in Malaysia. The simulation model is used to study the system's behavior (in terms of production rate, inventory levels, and backlog orders) under two different operational conditions (named as fixed and varied capacity policies) and compare their efficiency in terms of total cost. The analysis shows that the proposed operational condition, which is varied capacity policy, improves the system efficiency in terms of cost

Improving the layout design of manufacturing company using craft and graph-based method

There are many layout problems in various kinds of manufacturing systems. Commonly, these layout problems are associated with the determination of the place where facilities such as machines and departments are in the factory. In fact, manufacturers are imposed high costs because of high levels of material handling. Therefore, minimizing the material handling cost is the main purpose of facilities layout problems. The aim of this study is making a comparison between two layout improvement methods, CRAFT and Graph Based for improving the layout of a manufacturing system. It shows that Graph Based method has had a better result in comparison with CRAFT based on its efficiency