Effects of Combined Exercise Training on Balance of Hemiparetic Stroke patients

INTRODUCTION: A stroke occurs as a result of brain damage caused by cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. The majority, 73~88%, of cerebral infarction patients have impaired sensory motor ability on the side opposite to the brain damage appearing as hemiplegia of the arms and legs or either. Most survivors of stroke have decreased capacity to perform activities of daily living (ADL) because of a combination of sensory, motor, cognitive and emotional impairments. Of all the possible sensorimotor deficits of stroke, damaged postural control has the greatest impact on ADL independence and gait. Hemiplegic patients have decreased balance control ability. Especially, the postural sway in static positions is more than twice that of healthy subjects of the same age group, which consequences for safety4. Balance is described as the ability to maintain equilibrium in a gravitational field by keeping or returning the center of body mass over its base of support5. Dynamic balance is a voluntary response which maintains the position in response to an external perturbation. AIM OF THE STUDY: To find the effectiveness of combined exercises which consists of aerobic training and functional strengthening exercise over conventional exercises which consists of balance,posture control exercise and gait training in improving balance in hemiparetic stroke patients. OBJECTIVES: 1. To find the effectiveness of combined exercises (functional strengthening exercise and aerobic) in improving the balance in hemiparetic stroke patients. 2. To find the effectiveness of conventional exercises (balance exercise,posture exercise and gait training) in improving balance in hemiparetic stroke patients. 3. To compare the effectiveness of combined exercise versus conventional exercises training in improving balance in hemiparetic stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODLOGY: RESEARCH DESIGN: A Pretest-Posttest experimental study consisting of 30 stroke patients were undertaken to investigate the balance of the hemiparetic stroke patients. There are two experimental groups. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with stroke involving in lower extremity. 2. Patient within 6 months of post stroke period. 3. Both sexes. 4. Age group between 35-50 years. 5. Patient who can stand independently without any assistive devices at least for a minute. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Haemodynamically unstable. 2. Patient could not perform functional exercise due to arthritis. 3. Low back pain, with radiating pain and numbness over legs. 4. Cardiovascular and Respiratory conditions impairing aerobic training. 5. Patient who have uncontrolled hypertension. 6. Patients who could not follow instructions due to low perceptive abilities, cognitive disorder. 7. Hearing impairment. SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING: Purposive sampling of thirty samples was adopted in this study. A group of 30 subjects who had satisfied the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were selected and they were purposively divided into two groups. Group 1 - received combined exercises with aerobics and functional strengthening exercise, Group 2 - received conventional exercises. Setting of Study: Narayana Health, Multi speciality Hospital, Bangalore-99. Duration of the Study: It was an experimental study with the duration of 4 weeks of treatment per subject. RESULTS: As the calculated value is greater than the t table value. Null hypothesis 1 (Ho1) is rejected and research hypothesis 1 (H11) is accepted. As the calculated value is greater than the t table value. Null hypothesis 2 (H02) is rejected and research hypothesis 2 (H12) is accepted. As the calculated value is greater than the t table value. Null hypothesis 1 (H03) is rejected and research hypothesis 3 (H13) is accepted. SUMMARY: In this study, totally 30 subjects of the hemiparetic stroke patients are taken into two experimental groups equally into Combined exercises group (aerobic and functional strengthening exercises) group 1 and conventional exercises group (balance exercises, posture exercises and gait training) group 2 in improving the static and dynamic balance by using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) as the outcome measuring scale. Based on the results found in this study there are improvements in both the combined exercises, group 1 and conventional exercises, group 2. But, there are significant better improvement in the combined exercises, group 1 than the conventional exercises, group 2. So, the results found are published. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study combined exercises given to group 1 has shown the improvement in both the static and dynamic balance scores in the hemiparetic stroke patients. Based on this study conventional exercises given to group 2 has shown the improvement in both the static and dynamic balance scores in the hemiparetic stroke patients. Based on this study combined exercise of group 1 had shown the marked improvement in both the static and dynamic balance than the conventional exercises of group 2 in the hemiparetic stroke patients. This suggests that combined exercise training can be prescribed for stroke patients to reduce their risk of falls and lead to independent ADL

Colour Confinement and Deformed Baryons in Quantum Chromodynamics

The confinement of coloured entities in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is traced to colour singletness of the observed entities. This is believed to arise from colour singlet state of quark-antiquark for mesons and a fully colour antisymmetric state for baryons. This demands a spherically symmetric baryon in the ground state. However it is pointed out that a deformed baryon in the ground state has been found to be extremely successful phenomenology. There are convincing experimental supports for a deformed nucleon as well. This means that something has been missed in the fundamental theory. In this paper this problem is traced to a new colour singlet state for baryons which has been missed hitherto and incorporation of which provides a consistent justification of a deformed baryon in the ground state. Interestingly this new colour singlet state is global in nature.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur

Peristaltic Transport of a Jeffrey Fluid with Variable Viscosity through a Porous Medium in an Asymmetric Channel

The peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey fluid with variable viscosity through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel is investigated. The channel asymmetric is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the wall of different amplitude and phase. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations for the Jeffrey fluid model are derived in Cartesian coordinates system. Analytic solutions for stream function, velocity, pressure gradient, and pressure rise are first developed by regular perturbation method, and then the role of pertinent parameters is illustrated graphically

Improved jet noise predictions in subsonic flows using an approximate composite asymptotic expansion of the adjoint Green's function in Goldstein's analogy

Our recent work on jet noise modeling (Afsar et al. 2019, PhilTrans. A., vol. 377) has confirmed that non-parallel flow effects are needed to determine the wave propagation aspect of the jet noise problem. The acoustic spectrum calculated using an asymptotic representation of non-parallel flow effects produces the correct spectral shape of the small angle radiation beyond that which can be predicted using a parallel (i.e. non-spreading) mean flow approximation to determine the wave propagation tensor in Goldstein’s generalized acoustic analogy formulation. While the peak noise predicted using this approach works remarkably well at low frequencies (up to and slightly beyond the peak Strouhal number), the high frequency prediction in Afsar et al. (2019) relied upon an ad-hoc composite asymptotic formula for the propagator that was also restricted to the small angle spectra. In this paper we therefore attempt to remedy this defect by using the O(1) frequency locally parallel flow Green’s function as a kind-of outer solution to the propagator tensor in which the non-parallel flow theory used in the latter reference acts as the ’inner’ solution that is valid at low frequencies and is transcendentally small beyond the peak frequency. The hope is that this approach will allow more robust high frequency predictions with a single set of turbulence parameters for the acoustic spectrum at any given acoustic Mach number. In other words, both non-parallel and locally parallel regions of the propagator tensor solution are multiplied by the same turbulence source structure in the acoustic spectrum integral. The paper highlights the basic formalism of the low frequency jet noise theory and sum- marises the technical problems and strategy we use to extend this approach to higher frequen- cies

Protein binding affinity prediction using support vector regression and interfecial features

In understanding biology at the molecular level, analysis of protein interactions and protein binding affinity is a challenge. It is an important problem in computational and structural biology. Experimental measurement of binding affinity in the wet-lab is expensive and time consuming. Therefore, machine learning approaches are widely used to predict protein interactions and binding affinities by learning from specific properties of existing complexes. In this work, we propose an innovative computational model to predict binding affinities and interaction based on sequence, structural and interface features of the interacting proteins that are robust to binding associated conformational changes. We modeled the prediction of binding affinity as classification and regression problem with least-squared and support vector regression models using structure and sequence features of proteins. Specifically, we have used the number and composition of interacting residues at protein complexes interface as features and sequence features. We evaluated the performance of our prediction models using Affinity Benchmark Dataset version 2.0 which contains a diverse set of both bound and unbound protein complex structures with known binding affinities. We evaluated our regression performance results with root mean square error (RMSE) as well as Spearman and Pearson's correlation coefficients using a leave-one-out cross-validation protocol. We evaluate classification results with AUC-ROC and AUC-PR Our results show that Support Vector Regression performs significantly better than other models with a Spearman Correlation coefficient of 0.58, Pearson Correlation score of 0.55 and RMSE of 2.41 using 3-mer and sequence feature. It is interesting to note that simple features based on 3-mer features and the properties of the interface of a protein complex are predictive of its binding affinity. These features, together with support vector regression achieve higher accuracy than existing sequence based methods

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We have gathered optical-region spectra, derived model atmosphere parameters, and computed elemental abundances for 15 red giant stars in the open cluster NGC 7789. We focus on the light element group CNOLi that provides clues to evolutionary changes associated with internal fusion events and chemical mixing. We confirm and extend an early report that NGC 7789 stars 193 and 301 have anomalously large Li abundances, and that these values are apparently unconnected to any other elements' abundances in these stars. A companion study of He I lambda 10830 lines in both field stars and cluster members shows that star 301 has a strong He feature while star 193 does not. Possible explanations for the large Li abundances of these stars include helium flash-induced mixing events and binary interactions at some past or present times. In either case an internal eruption of energy could cause fresh synthesis of lithium via the Cameron-Fowler Beryllium transport mechanism. Rapid transport of lithium to the outer layers may have created significant chromospheric transient disturbances, producing enough helium ionization to allow for the strong lambda 10830 absorption in star 301.Comment: AJ, in pres

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Dual-stream flows are a ubiquitous feature of turbofan engines used in civil aviation. In this paper we analyze the spatial structure of turbulence correlations in a high speed round coaxial jet operating at heated conditions. In particular we consider the effect of axisymmetry of a second rank correlation tensor and the usual fourth order Reynolds stress auto-covariance tensor that enters the Goldstein’s generalized acoustic analogy formulation. The invariants of these tensors can be reduced to a simpler form depending on whether isotropy or axisymmetry was assumed. We show that an axisymmetric turbulence approximation remains accurate in the core region but tends to break down in the bypass stream and especially in the interfacial region between both streams where high level of mixing of turbulence takes place. In the paper we present some of our latest results and provide a road map for the future calculations that we have planned

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In this paper we continue efforts aimed at modeling jet noise using self-consistent analytical approaches within the generalized acoustic analogy (GAA) formulation. The GAA equations show that the far-field pressure fluctuation is given by a convolution product between a propagator tensor that depends on the (true) non-parallel jet mean flow and a generalized fluctuating stress tensor that is a stationary random function of time and includes the usual fluctuating Reynolds’ stress tensor as well as enthalpy fluctuation components. Here, we focus on approximating the propagator tensor by determining an appropriate asymptotic solution to the adjoint vector Green’s function that it depends on by using an asymptotic approach at all frequencies of interest for jet noise prediction. The Green’s function is then rationally approximated by a composite formula in which the GSA (Goldstein-Sescu-Afsar, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 695, pp. 199-234, 2012) non-parallel flow Green’s function asymptotic solution is used at low frequencies and the O(1) frequency parallel flow Green’s function is used for all frequencies thereafter. The former solution uses the fact that non-parallelism will have a leading order effect on the Green’s function everywhere in the jet under a distinguished scaling in which the jet spread rate is of the same order as the Strouhal number for a slowly-diverging mean flow expansion. Since this solution, however, is expected to apply up to the peak frequency, the latter O(1) frequency Green’s function in a parallel flow must be used at frequencies thereafter. We investigate the predictive capability of the composite Green’s function for the prediction of supersonic axi-symmetric round jets at fixed jet Mach number of 1.5 and two different temperature ratios (isothermal & heated) using Large-eddy simulation data. Our results show that, in the first instance, excellent jet noise predictions are obtained using the non-parallel flow asymptotic approach, remarkably, up to a Strouhal number of 0.5. This is true for both heated and un-heated jets. Furthermore, we develop the analytical approach required to extend this solution by appropriate asymptotic approximation to O(1) frequencies