Screen House and Field Investigations of Arbuscular mycorrhiza and organic fertilizer for The Control of the Root - knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Cowpea in South Western, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to determine the potential of individual and combined effects of Glomus mosseae, a mycorrhiza fungus and organic fertilizer for the management of Meloidogyne incognita, a root knot nematode infection of cowpea (IT90K-277-2) under Screen house and field conditions. The standardised method of evaluating crop germplasm for resistance to M. incognita including crop yield was employed. M. incognita caused significant reduction in the yield components of the cowpea variety both in the screen house and under field conditions. Single and combined treatments of Glomus mosseae and organic fertilizer significantly increased the pod weight, grain yield and number of pods per plant of cowpea plants as compared to nematode infected plants. Single treatments of Glomus mosseae and organic fertilizer significantly suppressed root galling; inhibited nematode reproduction and nematode population both in the screen house and under field conditions. The mixture of G. mosseae and organic fertilizer as a treatment was more effective than individual treatments in suppression of M. incognita. This study shows that G. mosseae has potential in the management of Root knot nematodes of cowpea and should be exploited with organic fertilizer serving as a viable carrier in Nigeria

SCREEN HOUSE AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF Arbuscular mycorrhiza AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER FOR THE CONTROL OF THE ROOT – KNOT NEMATODE, Meloidogyne incognita INFECTING COWPEA IN SOUTH WESTERN, NIGERIA

This study was undertaken to determine the potential of individual and combined effects of Glomusmosseae, a mycorrhiza fungus and organic fertilizer for the management of Meloidogyne incognita, aroot knot nematode infection of cowpea (IT90K-277-2) under Screen house and field conditions. Thestandardised method of evaluating crop germplasm for resistance to M. incognita including crop yieldwas employed. M. incognita caused significant reduction in the yield components of the cowpea varietyboth in the screen house and under field conditions. Single and combined treatments of Glomusmosseae and organic fertilizer significantly increased the pod weight, grain yield and number of podsper plant of cowpea plants as compared to nematode infected plants. Single treatments of Glomusmosseae and organic fertilizer significantly suppressed root galling; inhibited nematode reproductionand nematode population both in the screen house and under field conditions. The mixture of G.mosseae and organic fertilizer as a treatment was more effective than individual treatments in suppressionof M. incognita. This study shows that G. mosseae has potential in the management of Rootknot nematodes of cowpea and should be exploited with organic fertilizer serving as a viable carrier inNigeria

EVALUATION OF Tithonia diversifolia AND Chromolaena odorata RESIDUES AS POTENTIAL ORGANIC COMPOST MATERIALS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF Meloidogyne incognita ON COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP)

Screen house studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia and Chromolaenaodorata powder as alternative organic fertilizer materials in comparison with the local commercialneem organic fertilizer in the management of Meloidogyne incognita infection on cowpea (Vigna unguiculatavar. Ife Brown). The experiments were laid out in completely randomized design with six replications.Cowpea seedlings were raised in sterilized soils in plastic pots and inoculated with 5000 eggs ofM. incognita at two weeks after emergence. At 60 days after emergence, destructive sampling ofplants was done to assess nematode indices: root galls, nematode population and reproduction factor.Results obtained show that growth and yield of cowpea was significantly(p<0.05) improved by Tithoniaand Chromolaena soil amendments effectively as the neem fertilizer. It also show that, M. incognitainfectivity (number of galls, nematode population, reproduction) were significantly(p<0.05) reduced byTithonia and Chromolaena soil amendments as the neem fertilizer. The findings of this study recommendthe residues of these common weeds for evaluation in organic composting with potential forplant parasitic nematode management combined with release of nutrient to plants as organic fertilizer.

Studies on the Occurrence and Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Some Pineapple-Producing States in Nigeria

Nematode pests of pineapple have not been widely studied in Nigeria compared to other countries. This study investigated the geographical distribution of nematodes associated with pineapple in three pineapple-producing states in Nigeria. A total of 78 farms were sampled from Oyo, Ogun and Osun States using the Agricultural Development Project in each state as a pilot to locate representative farmlands in the States. The modified Baermann Extraction Tray method of Whitehead and Hemming was used for the extraction of vermiform nematodes from soil. Eighteen species of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) were found associated with pineapple from the fields surveyed as follows: Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Tylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus dihystera, Scutellonema brachyurum, Hoplolaimus pararobustus, Criconemoides limitaneum, Paratylenchus minutus, Gracilaria sp., Hemicriconemoides sp., Hemicycliophora sp., Aphelenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp., Paratrophurus sp., Dolichoderus sp. and Xiphinema nigeriense. The most prominent plant-parasitic nematodes found in association with pineapple on all the fields were P. brachyurus, H. dihystera, S. brachyurum, R. reniformis and M. incognita occurring at frequency ratings of 88, 80, 71, 56 and 44%, respectively. The study indicated a widespread distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes of pineapple in Southwestern Nigeria

Effects of poultry manure and carbofuran soil amendments on soil nematode population and yield of pineapple

Two field experiments were conducted at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan and the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to assess the efficacy of poultry manure and carbofuran in suppressing nematode populations and promoting pineapple yield. Three rates of poultry manure (0, 20 and 25 tonnes per hectare) and carbofuran (0, 3.0 kg a.i/ha and 3.4 kg a.i/ha) were applied to pineapple plants in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times in each of the two locations. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of plants at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after planting to monitor soil nematode populations. Plant growth data were obtained by measuring the length and breadth of ‘D’ leaves for five randomly selected plants per plot. Flowering was induced at the 18th month by spraying with 0.5 kg ethephon in 2000L of water/ha. Results showed that Poultry manure and carbofuran treatments significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed plant-parasitic nematode populations in both locations. At harvest, significantly bigger fruit sizes, higher fruiting percentage and number of fruits were recorded on both poultry manure- and carbofuran-treated plots. It was concluded that appropriate management of plant-parasitic nematodes will promote higher fruit yields in pineapple farms in Nigeria

Biological sample donation and informed consent for neurobiobanking: Evidence from a community survey in Ghana and Nigeria

Copyright: \ua9 2022 Singh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction Genomic research and neurobiobanking are expanding globally. Empirical evidence on the level of awareness and willingness to donate/share biological samples towards the expansion of neurobiobanking in sub-Saharan Africa is lacking. Aims To ascertain the awareness, perspectives and predictors regarding biological sample donation, sharing and informed consent preferences among community members in Ghana and Nigeria. Methods A questionnaire cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected community members from seven communities in Ghana and Nigeria. Results Of the 1015 respondents with mean age 39.3 years (SD 19.5), about a third had heard of blood donation (37.2%, M: 42.4%, F: 32.0%, p = 0.001) and a quarter were aware of blood sample storage for research (24.5%; M: 29.7%, F: 19.4%, p = 0.151). Two out of ten were willing to donate brain after death (18.8%, M: 22.6%, F: 15.0%, p&lt;0.001). Main reasons for unwillingness to donate brain were; to go back to God complete (46.6%) and lack of knowledge related to brain donation (32.7%). Only a third of the participants were aware of informed consent (31.7%; M: 35.9%, F: 27.5%, p&lt;0.001). Predictors of positive attitude towards biobanking and informed consent were being married, tertiary level education, student status, and belonging to select ethnic groups. Conclusion There is a greater need for research attention in the area of brain banking and informed consent. Improved context-sensitive public education on neurobiobanking and informed consent, in line with the sociocultural diversities, is recommended within the African sub region

Effects of Natural and Inoculation Fermentation on the Antinutrient Composition of African Walnut Enriched with Carrot

The effects of fermentation on the antinutrient composition of African walnut enriched with carrot and without carrot were carried out in this study. The submerged natural fermentation of non- enriched and carrot enriched (walnut 70%; carrot 30%)&nbsp; African walnut was carried out and lasted for 5 days during which microorganisms were isolated and identified. Species of Lactobacillus and Bacillus that are most commonly used as probiotics in foods, drugs, and dietary supplements, which was isolated during the natural fermentation of African walnut, were then used singly and in consortium during inoculation fermentation. During the fermentation processes, the anti nutritional analysis was carried out on the fermented samples on a daily basis. Result revealed that the bacteria B. subtilis strain b17a and L. lactis SFL8 were the most predominant bacteria during the natural fermentation. Raw African walnut and carrot have tannin, saponins, Phytate and oxalate of&nbsp; 2.47± 0.10, 1.46 ± 0.10, 14.41 ± 0.10 , 3.29 ± .10&nbsp; and 2.28 ± .08,&nbsp; 2.10 ± .10,11.50± .05, 0.37± .03 respectively. Raw walnut generally had a higher anti-nutrient composition than carrot except in saponins. Fermentation led to the reduction in antinutrient composition in the fermented sample. Natural fermented African walnut (NFW) and natural fermented African walnut enriched with carrot (NFWC) resulted in the highest reduction in antinutrient composition. NFW and NFWC had a reduction in tannin, saponins, Phytate and oxalate from (2.47±0.008b, 1.46±0.010a, 14.41±0.026d, 3.29±0.05c) to (0.98 ± 0.05a, 0.61±0.05a, 4.35±0.03a, 0.27±0.05a) and (0.91±0.005a, 0.45±0.005a, 3.61±0.03a, 0.17±0.005a) respectively. Inoculation fermentation in which a monoculture of L. lactis or B. subtillis was used as starter culture resulted in the least reduction in the antinutrient content. Carrot enrichment of fermented African walnut had a reducing effect on the antinutrient composition of African walnut as the fermentation enriched with carrot all had a reduced tannin, Phytate and oxalate composition compared to those that were not enriched. Hence, fermentation and enrichment with carrot can be employed in improving the nutritional quality of African walnut thereby helping in effectively utilising their potential as human food