The Antiinfluenza Virus Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Olive Leaves

Abstract The influenza viruses are major etiologic agents of human respiratory infections, and inflict a sizable health and economic burden. This study examines the antiinfluenza virus activity of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves (OLHE). Olive leaves were collected from gardens around the city of Shiraz, characterized, dried, ground to powder, and its hydroalcoholic extract was prepared. The influenza viruses were isolated from patients and characterized by standard antiinfluenza sera. Virucidal effects of OLHE (10 -1 to 10 3 μg/ml) were examined in pretreatment, treatment and incubation protocols using quantal assay after incubation for 72 h. All experiments were performed three times in quadruplicates. Pretreatment of the cell line with OLHE for one hour followed by the addition of the virus was associated with virucidal effects (1 to 1000 μg/ml). OLHE added one hour after incubation of the virus with cell did not show antiviral effects. OLHE incubated with the virus for one hour, and then added to the cell line did have antiviral activity (1 to 1000 μg/ml). The findings indicate that antiviral activity of OLHE occurred extracellularly, probably by changing the properties of membrane of the virus, rather than that of the cell, to prevent the virus from attaching and penetrating the cell line

Co-Infection Rates between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV in Oropharyngeal, Nasopharyngeal Aspirate and Saliva Samples of COVID-19 Patients, Shiraz, South of Iran

Statement of the Problem: Determining the prevalence of respiratory viruses' coinfection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential to defining its true clinical influence.Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate co-infection rates between severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infected patients in Shiraz, south of Iran.Materials and Method: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), and saliva samples of 50 COVID-19 patients who were referred to Ali-Asghar hospital (Shiraz, Iran) from March to August 2020, were collected. A control group consisted of age and sex-matched healthy participants. The nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal aspirates were collected by sterile swabs. All cases were hospitalized, and all SARS-CoV-2 patients had a fever and respiratory symptoms. The samples were packed in a vial with 1 mL of transport medium and transported to the Valfagre specialty laboratory, where they were tested for RSV using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: 100 nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal aspirates and saliva samples including 50 healthy controls (24 females, 26 males) and 50 COVID-19 patients' samples (27 males and 23 females) were studied. There was no significant difference regarding age as well as gender between both groups (P>0.05). None of the healthy subjects was infected with RSV; however, 5(10%) patients from COVID-19 group were infected with the RSV virus. Chi-square test did not show a significant difference between RSV infection in COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects.Conclusion: The outcome of present research showed that concurrent RSV with COVID 19 infection might be seen in hospitalized patients in Shiraz Southwest of Iran. For more reliable findings, further research on bigger populations, including more pathogens in several places around the country, and considering the severity of symptoms is required

The Antiinfluenza Virus Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Olive Leaves: Antiviral activity of olive leave extract

The influenza viruses are major etiologic agents of human respiratory infections, and inflict a sizable health and economic burden. This study examines theantiinfluenza virus activity of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves (OLHE). Olive leaves were collected from gardens around the city of Shiraz, characterized, dried, ground to powder, and its hydroalcoholic extract was prepared. The influenza viruses were isolated from patients and characterized by standard antiinfluenza sera. Virucidal effects of OLHE (10-1 to 103 μg/ml) were examined in pretreatment, treatment and incubation protocols using quantal assay after incubation for 72 h. All experiments were performed three times in quadruplicates. Pretreatment of the cell line with OLHE for one hour followed by the addition of the virus was associated with virucidal effects (1 to 1000 μg/ml). OLHE added one hour after incubation of the virus with cell did not show antiviral effects. OLHE incubated with the virus for one hour, and then added to the cell line did have antiviral activity (1 to 1000 μg/ml). The findings indicate that antiviral activity of OLHE occurred extracellularly, probably by changing the properties of membrane of the virus, rather than that of the cell, to prevent the virus from attaching and penetrating the cell line