Improvement of foaming properties of cuttlefish skin gelatin by modification with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of fatty acid

Conformation and foaming properties of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified by N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of different saturated fatty acids including capric acid (C10:0), lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) at different molar ratios (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00) were investigated. Covalent attachment of fatty acids into gelatin was observed as evidenced by the decrease in amino groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study indicated the presence of alkyl group of modified gelatin. The higher increase in surface activity with coincidental increase in surface hydrophobicity was observed in gelatin modified with fatty acid ester having a longer chain, especially at the higher molar ratio. The increase in foam expansion was related with the improved surface activity mediated by the modification by N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of fatty acid

Antioxidative activity and emulsifying properties of cuttlefish skin gelatin–tannic acid complex as influenced by types of interaction

The non-covalent interaction between cuttlefish skin gelatin and tannic acid was observed in gelatin modified with unoxidized tannic acid at pH 7, whereas covalent interaction was found in gelatin modified with oxidized tannic acid at pH 9. Degree of tannic acid incorporation into gelatin via non-covalent interaction was more pronounced than that found via covalent interaction as evidenced by lowered free amino group content and increased total phenolic content and hydroxyl group and aromatic ring determined by FTIR. Gelatin modified with oxidized tannic acid had the slight decrease in surface hydrophobicity, with no changes in particle size distribution of the emulsions. Modification of gelatin with tannic acid, especially via non-covalent interaction, increased in vitro antioxidative activity, compared with the control gelatin. Gelatin modified with tannic acid via covalent interaction rendered the emulsion with high stability and could inhibit lipid oxidation of menhaden oil-in-water emulsion effectively throughout the storage of 12 days. Industrial relevance Cuttlefish skin gelatin modified with tannic acid possessing both emulsifying activity and the improved antioxidative activity can be used as a natural and safe additive in food industry. Therefore, cuttlefish skin, a by-product from seafood processing industry, can be produced as the high value added product with wider applications

Surface activity and molecular characteristics of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified by oxidized linoleic acid

Surface activity and molecular changes of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified with oxidized linoleic acid (OLA) prepared at 60, 70 and 80 °C at different times were investigated. Modification of gelatin with OLA could improve surface activity of resulting gelatin as evidenced by the decreased surface tension and the increased foaming and emulsifying properties. Interaction between OLA and gelatin led to the generation of carbonyl groups, loss of free amino content and the increase in particle size of resulting gelatin. Emulsion stabilized by modified gelatin had the smaller mean particle diameter with higher stability, compared with that stabilized by gelatin without modification

Surface activity and molecular characteristics of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified by oxidized linoleic acid

Surface activity and molecular changes of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified with oxidized linoleic acid (OLA) prepared at 60, 70 and 80 °C at different times were investigated. Modification of gelatin with OLA could improve surface activity of resulting gelatin as evidenced by the decreased surface tension and the increased foaming and emulsifying properties. Interaction between OLA and gelatin led to the generation of carbonyl groups, loss of free amino content and the increase in particle size of resulting gelatin. Emulsion stabilized by modified gelatin had the smaller mean particle diameter with higher stability, compared with that stabilized by gelatin without modification

Emulsifying Property and Antioxidative Activity of Cuttlefish Skin Gelatin Modified with Oxidized Linoleic Acid and Oxidized Tannic Acid

Cuttlefish skin gelatins modified with oxidized linoleic acid (OLA) and oxidized tannic acid (OTA) were characterized and determined for emulsifying properties and antioxidative activity. Modification of gelatin with 5% OTA increased the total phenolic content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of gelatin–OTA. Incorporation of OLA into gelatin (OLA-to-free amino group molar ratio of 10:1) increased surface hydrophobicity of gelatin from 17.39 to 32.38 and reduce surface tension at air/water interface of gelatin solution from 53 to 32 mN/m. Gelatin–OLA had the increase in emulsion activity index, compared with gelatin without modification and was capable of producing a fine emulsion (d32¿=¿0.79 µm, d43¿=¿0.82 µm). Modification of gelatin–OLA complex with OTA at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) increased antioxidative activity but decrease emulsifying properties. However, gelatin–OLA modified with 5% OTA had higher emulsifying properties than the commercial gelatin (bovine gelatin). The presence of an alkyl group and a hydroxyl group in gelatin after modification with OLA and OTA, respectively, was revealed by Fourier transform infrared study. Coincidental decrease in free amino group was also noticeable in modified gelatin. Menhaden oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by gelatin modified with OLA and 5% OTA was more resistant to lipid oxidation and phase separation as evidenced by the lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and smaller oil droplet size, compared with that stabilized by commercial bovine gelatin. Thus, the modification of gelatin by both OLA and OTA was able to improve antioxidative and emulsifying properties of cuttlefish skin gelatin

Antioxidative activity and emulsifying properties of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified by oxidised phenolic compounds

Antioxidative activity and emulsifying properties of cuttlefish skin gelatin modified by different oxidised phenolic compounds including caffeic acid, ferulic acid and tannic acid at different concentrations were investigated. Oxidised phenolic compounds were covalently attached to gelatin as indicated by the decrease in amino groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies indicated the presence of an aromatic ring and a hydroxyl group in gelatin after modification. Modified gelatin had the increased antioxidative activity but the decreased surface hydrophobicity. Gelatin modified with 5% oxidised tannic acid had no change in emulsifying properties. Emulsion stability and oxidative stability of menhaden oil-in-water emulsion stabilised by 0.5% and 1.0% gelatin without and with modification by 5% oxidised tannic acid were studied. Both gelatins at a higher concentration (1.0%) yielded an emulsion with a smaller particle size. Modified gelatin inhibited the formation of TBARS in the emulsion more effectively than the control gelatin throughout the 12 days of storage

Enhancement of Emulsifying Properties of Cuttlefish Skin Gelatin by Modification with N-hydroxysuccinimide Esters of Fatty Acids

Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) skin gelatin modified with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of various fatty acids including capric acid (C10:0), lauric acid (C12:0), and myristic acid (C14:0) at different molar ratios was characterized and determined for emulsifying property. Fatty acid esters were incorporated into gelatin as indicated by the decrease in free amino group content. Gelatin modified with fatty acid ester had the increased surface hydrophobicity and emulsifying property with coincidental decrease in surface tension. Gelatin modified with fatty acid ester of C14:0 showed the highest surface activity, especially with the high degree of modification. Emulsion stabilized by gelatin modified with fatty acid ester of C14:0 had a smaller mean particle diameter with higher stability, compared with that stabilized by the control gelatin (without modification). Emulsion stabilized by modified gelatin remained stable at various pH (3–8) and salt concentrations (NaCl 0–500 mM). Emulsion was also stable after being heated at 50–90 °C for 30 min