Biodegradação de polipropileno (PP), de polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e da blenda PP/PHB (1:1) por microrganismos de rio poluído e efluente bruto de refinaria de petróleo

Plásticos sintéticos, como o polipropileno (PP), são persistentes no meio ambiente, seu alto consumo pela sociedade contemporânea gera acúmulo de material poluindo o meio ambiente. Uma possível solução para o problema pode ser a substituição de polímeros sintéticos por outros biodegradáveis obtidos a partir de fontes renováveis como o poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB). As blendas são uma opção para a substituição parcial dos polímeros sintéticos por polímeros biodegradáveis, considerando que a total substituição dos polímeros sintéticos é algo, ainda, impraticável. A biodegradação, por ser um processo natural que ocorre em ambientes biologicamente ativos, é vista como uma alternativa para o tratamento dos resíduos plásticos. Este trabalho verificou a biodegradação de filmes de PHB, PP e blenda de PP/PHB por microrganismos de águas de rio poluído e efluente bruto de refinaria de petróleo. As análises utilizadas para avaliar as transformações no filme foram perda de massa, microscopia óptica, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourrier (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que a degradação do PHB ocorre tanto na fase amorfa como na cristalina, sendo mais intensa em efluente bruto da refinaria de petróleo, seguida da água de rio que recebeu o efluente tratado.Synthetic plastics such as polypropylene (PP), are persistent in environment, the high consumption by contemporary society generates accumulation of material that pollute the environment. A possible solution to this problem may be replacing synthetic polymers by biodegradable ones obtained from renewable sources like the poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Blends are an option for replacement part of synthetic polymers by biodegradable polymers, however overall replacement of the synthetic polymer is impracticable. Degradation, natural process that occurs in biologically active environments, is aiming as an alternative for the treatment of waste plastics. This work verified the degradation of films PHB, PP and blends of PP/PHB films by microorganisms of water from polluted river and effluent from oil refinery. The analysis used to measure changes in the film were: loss of mass, optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the degradation of PHB occurs in the crystalline and amorphous phases, being more intense in the effluent followed by water from the river that received the treated effluent.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Biodegradação de filmes de polipropileno (PP), poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) e blenda de PP/PHB por microrganismos das águas do Rio Atibaia Biodegradation of Polypropylene (PP), Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Films and PP/PHB Blend by Microorganisms from Atibaia River

O propósito deste estudo é investigar a biodegradação de filmes de PHB, PP e blenda de PP/PHB (1:1) por microrganismos de águas de rio poluído que recebeu vários tipos de descartes, inclusive de refinaria de petróleo. Os filmes poliméricos foram obtidos por fusão do pó do material a 175 ºC, prensados a 71,3 kgf.cm-2 e resfriados a 25 ºC. Estes filmes foram mantidos em amostras de águas do rio poluído, coletadas antes e após o descarte do efluente da refinaria de petróleo e mantidas em estufa bacteriológica a 28 ºC, durante 120 dias. As mudanças, causadas pela ação microbiana nos filmes, foram analisadas por medidas de perda de massa, infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados provaram que a degradação do PHB ocorre tanto na sua fase amorfa como na cristalina, sendo mais significativa na água do rio que recebeu o efluente da refinaria de petróleo, contendo microrganismos reconhecidos como potencialmente capazes de degradar substâncias persistentes no meio ambiente.The purpose of this study is to investigate the biodegradation of films made with PP, PHB and PP/PHB (1:1) blend caused by microorganisms from polluted river which received several types of waste, including an oil refinery effluent. The films were obtained by melting the powder from the material at 175 ºC, pressed at 71.3 kgf.cm-2 and cooled at 25 ºC. These films were kept in polluted river water samples, collected before and after the discarding of oil refinery waste, and they were kept in the bacteriological incubator at 28 ºC for 120 days. The changes caused by microbial action on the films were analyzed by measurements of weight loss, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results proved that PHB degradation occurs in amorphous and crystalline phases, being more significant in the river water which received refinery oil waste, containing microorganisms recognized as potentially capable to degrade recalcitrant substances in the environment

Biodegradação de filmes de polipropileno (PP), poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) e blenda de PP/PHB por microrganismos das águas do Rio Atibaia

O propósito deste estudo é investigar a biodegradação de filmes de PHB, PP e blenda de PP/PHB (1:1) por microrganismos de águas de rio poluído que recebeu vários tipos de descartes, inclusive de refinaria de petróleo. Os filmes poliméricos foram obtidos por fusão do pó do material a 175 ºC, prensados a 71,3 kgf.cm-2 e resfriados a 25 ºC. Estes filmes foram mantidos em amostras de águas do rio poluído, coletadas antes e após o descarte do efluente da refinaria de petróleo e mantidas em estufa bacteriológica a 28 ºC, durante 120 dias. As mudanças, causadas pela ação microbiana nos filmes, foram analisadas por medidas de perda de massa, infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados provaram que a degradação do PHB ocorre tanto na sua fase amorfa como na cristalina, sendo mais significativa na água do rio que recebeu o efluente da refinaria de petróleo, contendo microrganismos reconhecidos como potencialmente capazes de degradar substâncias persistentes no meio ambiente.The purpose of this study is to investigate the biodegradation of films made with PP, PHB and PP/PHB (1:1) blend caused by microorganisms from polluted river which received several types of waste, including an oil refinery effluent. The films were obtained by melting the powder from the material at 175 ºC, pressed at 71.3 kgf.cm-2 and cooled at 25 ºC. These films were kept in polluted river water samples, collected before and after the discarding of oil refinery waste, and they were kept in the bacteriological incubator at 28 ºC for 120 days. The changes caused by microbial action on the films were analyzed by measurements of weight loss, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results proved that PHB degradation occurs in amorphous and crystalline phases, being more significant in the river water which received refinery oil waste, containing microorganisms recognized as potentially capable to degrade recalcitrant substances in the environment.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Guava Seed Oil: Potential Waste for the Rhamnolipids Production

Guava is consumed in natura and is also of considerable importance to the food industry. The seeds and peel of this fruit are discarded, however, guava seeds yield oil (~13%) that can be used for the bioproducts synthesis. The use of a by-product as a carbon source is advantageous, as it reduces the environmental impact of possible harmful materials to nature, while adding value to products. In addition, the use of untested substrates can bring new yield and characterization results. Thus, this research sought to study rhamnolipids (RLs) production from guava seed oil, a by-product of the fructorefinery. The experiments were carried out using Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI 2A1 and experimental design was used to optimize the variables Carbon and Nitrogen concentration. Characterization of RLs produced occurred by LC-MS. In this study, variables in the quadratic forms and the interaction between them influenced the response (p < 0.05). The most significant variable was N concentration. Maximum RLs yield achieved 39.97 g/L, predominantly of mono-RL. Characterization analysis revealed 9 homologues including the presence of RhaC10C14:2 (m/z 555) whose structure has not previously been observed. This research showed that guava seed oil is an alternative potential carbon source for rhamnolipid production with rare rhamnolipid homologues

Guava Seed Oil: Potential Waste for the Rhamnolipids Production

Guava is consumed in natura and is also of considerable importance to the food industry. The seeds and peel of this fruit are discarded, however, guava seeds yield oil (~13%) that can be used for the bioproducts synthesis. The use of a by-product as a carbon source is advantageous, as it reduces the environmental impact of possible harmful materials to nature, while adding value to products. In addition, the use of untested substrates can bring new yield and characterization results. Thus, this research sought to study rhamnolipids (RLs) production from guava seed oil, a by-product of the fructorefinery. The experiments were carried out using Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI 2A1 and experimental design was used to optimize the variables Carbon and Nitrogen concentration. Characterization of RLs produced occurred by LC-MS. In this study, variables in the quadratic forms and the interaction between them influenced the response (p 10C14:2 (m/z 555) whose structure has not previously been observed. This research showed that guava seed oil is an alternative potential carbon source for rhamnolipid production with rare rhamnolipid homologues

Morphological and cytochemical changes in synganglion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) female ticks from exposure of andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis)

Actually, the most used method to control ticks is synthetic acaricides with neurotoxic action. However, the use of these methods presents inconveniences, such as the contamination of the environment and risks to the host's health due to the residual effects. Thus, several studies have been developed aiming to find alternative ways to control these ectoparasites, such as the use of natural compounds with active ingredients, which act controlling some species of plagues in addition to presenting medicinal properties that are beneficial to humans. The present study aimed to analyze the action of andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis) on the synganglion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus semiengorged females through morphological and cytochemical techniques aiming to verify if this natural product have neurotoxic action as the numerous synthetic acaricides. The results showed that andiroba oil interferes in the synganglion through structural and enzymatic changes, which lead the nervous tissue to apoptotic death involving autophagy. Among these changes was observed the emergence of large empty spaces between the perineurium and the cortical region, vacuolated cortex cells and with cell swelling, neural cells with picnotic nuclei or in initial stage of chromatin margination and neuropile with high structural disorganization. Considering these data, it can be concluded that andiroba seed oil can be used as an alternative method in the control of R. sanguineus ticks due to its neurotoxic action. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Effects of andiroba (Carapa guianensis) oil in ticks: ultrastructural analysis of the synganglion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae)

The present study performed an analysis of the ultrastructural changes induced by andiroba seed oil in the synganglion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks, aiming to provide scientific grounds to help in the creation of more specific and efficient methods of control. The synganglion consists of a mass of fused nerves externally covered by the neural lamella, a uniform and acellular layer. Just below, the perineurium is found, formed by glial cells. Internally, the synganglion is subdivided into an outer cortical region (cortex), which contains the cellular bodies of the neural cells and an inner region, the neuropile, formed by a set of nerve fibers (extensions of the neural cells). The results showed that the synganglion of females exposed to andiroba oil showed structural changes, such as: irregular and apparently thinner neural lamella, perineurium glial cells presenting large cytoplasmic vacuoles, decrease in the extensions of glial cells, separation of cortex cells, which were formerly attached through their membranes, neural cells presenting irregular plasma membranes and cytoplasm with autophagic vacuoles and mitochondria with disorganized cristae and in process of degeneration. This study confirmed the neurotoxic action of the andiroba oil, which would probably be able to impair the neural functions. Thus, it is suggested that this product has the potential to be used as an alternative method to control ticks.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Cytotoxic effects of andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis) in reproductive system of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) semi-engorged females

The present study performed an analysis about the effects of andiroba seed oil (Carapa guianensis) in the ovary of Rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females; once, there are few studies about the action of natural products on the reproductive system, a vital organ for the biological success of this animal group. The results showed that andiroba oil is a potent natural agent which causes significant structural changes in the oocytes, such as the emergence of large vacuolated cytoplasmic regions, reduction in the number of yolk granules, changes in the shape of the cells, as well as impairment of genetic material. In addition, the ovary epithelium showed severe morphological changes, such as extreme structural disorganization, with highly vacuolated cells and picnotic nuclei, forming an amorphous mass. This study showed also that oocytes (mainly in the initial stages of development) and the ovary epithelium of R. sanguineus females subjected to different concentrations of andiroba oil presented morphological changes which became more numerous and intense as the concentration of the product increased. Based on the results, it can be inferred that although the defense mechanisms are developed by oocytes to recover the cellular integrity (presence of autophagic vacuoles), these cells are not able to revert the damage caused by this product. Thus, it can be concluded that although the damages caused to the oocytes by andiroba oil are comparatively less severe than the ones caused by synthetic acaricides, this product can be considered a potent natural agent that reduce and/or prevent the reproduction of R. sanguineus females, with the advantage of not causing environmental impact such as synthetic chemical acaricides.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Action of andiroba oil and permethrin on the central nervous and reproductive systems of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks females. A confocal study

Research for acaricides with lower toxicity and impact on the environment has been intensified. An alternative would be the use of natural compounds or of synthetic products in lower concentrations than the ones sold commercially. Thus, this study describes the action of andiroba seed oil on the nuclei of the ovary and synganglion cells of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and presents an analysis of the nuclear morphology of the nervous system cells of this tick species when exposed to permethrin. The results obtained showed that, although no changes have been observed in the genetic material of the ovary cells exposed to the andiroba oil, this compound, as well as permethrin, has neurotoxic action on the females of this species. The damages caused to the physiology of the synganglion, due to the loss of integrity of the genetic material, would result in the impairment of the metabolism of other systems of R. sanguineus ticks. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd

Action of andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis) on Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) semi-engorged females: Morphophysiological evaluation of reproductive system

Because of the increasing medical-veterinary importance of ticks, the development of alternative control methods, less aggressive to the host and the environment has become the target of several researches. In this sense, the present study analyzed the action of different concentrations (5, 10, and 20%) of andiroba seed oil (Carapa guianensis) on the reproductive system of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females, through histochemical techniques and the quantification of the reproductive efficiency index. The results showed that andiroba oil is a potent natural agent, able to cause several changes in the oocytes of this species, impairing the reproductive success, once this natural product induces great physiological changes in the oocytes in all development stages, such as drastic reduction in proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids in these cells, and these components are essential for the viability of the embryo. In addition, it was observed that this product stimulate the oviposition, mainly at the concentration of 20%. This higher production of eggs represents a defense mechanism developed by the organism in order to ensure the reproductive success of the species, even in the presence of the toxic agent. However, the results obtained suggested that the laid eggs would not be viable, due to the great changes undergone by the oocytes. Thus, the present study showed that the use of this vegetal product would be an alternative way to control the ticks, bringing benefits similar to the ones obtained through the use of synthetic acaricides; however, with less damage to nontarget organisms and the environment as well. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP