Occurrence of BK Virus and Human Papilloma Virus in colorectal cancer

Introduction and objective Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. In Poland, it is the second most common cancer, regardless of gender. The aim of study was to analyze the incidence of HPV and BKV in the tissue of colorectal cancer and to determine the relationship between the presence of these viruses and the development of this cancer. Material and Methods The experiments were conducted using 50 colorectal cancer tissues collected from histological sections. The clinical material was embedded in paraffin blocks. Next, DNA extraction was performed. Isolates of colorectal cancer tissue were tested for the presence of HPV DNA. BKV DNA was detected by PCR using specific primers and then differentiated from JCV by digestion with BamHI enzyme. Results In clinical specimens taken from patients with colorectal cancer, HPV DNA was detected in 20% of cases. In 10% of cases the presence of HPV type 18 was confirmed, in the other 90% of the samples HPV type 16 was detected, while the presence of BKV was confirmed in 30% of cases. Coinfection with HPV and BKV was shown in 12% of patients. In one case, BK virus coexisted with HPV type 18, in the remaining 5 cases with HPV type 16. Conclusions Developing colorectal cancer can show no symptoms, even for many years. This is why it is so important to become familiar with as many etiological factors as possible. The development of many human neoplasms is often initiated by exposure to infectious agents – such as bacterial or viral infections. Similar to the human papillomavirus, the BK virus was detected in clinical specimens. It seems that HPV and BKV infections can contribute to the neoplastic process, which requires detailed studies on a larger group of patients

Ceramic packaging of PiezoMEMS devices

In the contributionthe design and the fabrication of two different types of ceramic packaging for PiezoMEMS devices ispresented. The first ceramic packaging is designed for housing the piezoelectric energy harvester. This packaging is made using LTCC technology and in the final application willintegrate piezoelectric device, electroniccircuit, storage capacitor and other components into the complex microsystem. The second packaging is developed for piezoelectric vibrating device as a part of water-purification system. In this case,the thick-film technology is used for electrical interconnection of piezoelectric actuators and for the hermetic watertight insulation of the system

Formalism in the application of law and ethics on the example of environmental law regulations

Tekst dotyczy problematyki formalizmu w stosowaniu prawa jako wieloaspektowego problemu badawczego. W niniejszym ujęciu najważniejszym punktem odniesienia jest etyka, w związku z czym autor pracy uznał za szczególnie doniosłe próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie – czy formalizm w stosowaniu prawa jest etyczny? Samo zagadnienie stosowania prawa ujęte zostało natomiast w dwóch koncepcjach – jako faktyczne przeżycia urzędników pełniących rolę organu administracji publicznej, jak i teoretycznego modelu tego zjawiska. Przy czym za dominującą uznano problematykę przeżyć podmiotów konstytuujących organ stosowania prawa. W tym też obszarze na przykładzie konkretnych regulacji prawnych z zakresu ochrony środowiska przedstawiono problematykę formalizmu i skutki, do których formalizm może prowadzić. Konkluzje pracy prowadzą do wniosku, że postawa formalistyczna opiera się na braku dbałości o tekst prawny, a zatem niestaranności w procesie odtwarzania woli nadawcy komunikatu prawnego. Działanie takie przedstawione jest jako nieetyczne, mogące powodować nieuzasadnione aksjologią danej regulacji prawnej negatywne skutki w życiu jednostki, będącej stroną postępowania.This paper discusses formalism, a multi-faceted and problematic research topic when applied to law. The most important point of reference in the presented point of view is ethics. That is why the author emphasizes the importance of asking whether formalism is an ethical behaviour in the context of applying the law. The application of law is presented using the following two conceptions: as a behavior of officials, acting as public administration authorities, and as a theoretical model of this phenomenon. This paper is mostly about the first conception: the behaviour of officials and authorities. The problem of formalism and the effects it can lead to are discussed on the basis of specific laws and regulations concerning environmental protection. Research shows that formalism is based on lack of care for the integrity of the legal text and lack of officials’ consistency in recreating the intention of the lawmaker. This kind of activity is presented as unethical, as it may cause unjustified, negative effects in the life of the individual who is a party to the proceedings

Mountain hike planning system

Głównym celem pracy jest stworzenie portalu umożliwiającego planowanie oraz zapisywanie tras wycieczek w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym. Droga do jego osiągnięcia obejmuje wiele pomniejszych zadań, których zestawienie w ostatecznym rozrachunku pozwoli otrzymać oczekiwany efekt końcowy. Najistotniejsze z nich to:•utworzenie przyjaznej i atrakcyjnej wizualnie aplikacji webowej – projektowany system ma być narzędziem ułatwiającym proces planowania wycieczek górskich. Z tego powodu powinien być on łatwy w obsłudze, a jego forma atrakcyjna i czytelna wizualnie, co może znacząco wpłynąć na liczebność przyszłej grupy użytkowników,•udostępnienie jednolitego systemu przechowującego historię odbytych wypraw – portal pozwoli na archiwizację wycieczek zarówno odbytych, jak i planowanych w sposób umożliwiający szybki dostęp do nich oraz jednoznaczne ich porównanie,•popularyzacja polskiej turystyki górskiej – efektem pośrednim tworzonej aplikacji będzie upowszechnienie m.in. pieszej turystyki górskiej, co ma szansę przyczynić się do promowania zdrowego trybu życia wśród potencjalnych użytkowników, a także do rozwoju gospodarczego regionów Podhala,•ułatwienie organizacji wycieczki poprzez automatyczne obliczanie najkrótszej ścieżki – implementacja algorytmu odnajdywania optymalnej trasy wyraźnie przyspieszy i ułatwi planowanie wyprawy, szczególnie osobom nie posiadającym dokładnej znajomości tatrzańskich szlaków.The main aim is to create a portal to enable planning and saving trips in Tatra National Park. The way to achieve it includes many minor tasks that in the end will get the desired end result. The most important of these are:•Create a friendly and visually appealing web application – the system is designed to be a tool to facilitate the process of planning hiking. For this reason, it should be easy to use and designed to be visually appealing and readable, which can significantly increase the number of future users,•provide a unified system that stores the history of expeditions – portal will allow you to backup trips both held and planned in a way that allows quick access to them and their explicit comparison,•popularization of Polish mountain tourism – indirect result of application will be dissemination of hiking which is likely to contribute to the promotion of healthy lifestyle among potential users, as well as regional economic development of Podhale,•Facilitate the organization of trips by automatically calculating the shortest path – implementation of the algorithm that finds the optimal route will clearly accelerate and facilitate the planning of the expedition, especially for those who do not have a precise knowledge of the Tatra trails

Occurrence of BK Virus and Human Papilloma Virus in colorectal cancer

Introduction and objective Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. In Poland, it is the second most common cancer, regardless of gender. The aim of study was to analyze the incidence of HPV and BKV in the tissue of colorectal cancer and to determine the relationship between the presence of these viruses and the development of this cancer. Material and Methods The experiments were conducted using 50 colorectal cancer tissues collected from histological sections. The clinical material was embedded in paraffin blocks. Next, DNA extraction was performed. Isolates of colorectal cancer tissue were tested for the presence of HPV DNA. BKV DNA was detected by PCR using specific primers and then differentiated from JCV by digestion with BamHI enzyme. Results In clinical specimens taken from patients with colorectal cancer, HPV DNA was detected in 20% of cases. In 10% of cases the presence of HPV type 18 was confirmed, in the other 90% of the samples HPV type 16 was detected, while the presence of BKV was confirmed in 30% of cases. Coinfection with HPV and BKV was shown in 12% of patients. In one case, BK virus coexisted with HPV type 18, in the remaining 5 cases with HPV type 16. Conclusions Developing colorectal cancer can show no symptoms, even for many years. This is why it is so important to become familiar with as many etiological factors as possible. The development of many human neoplasms is often initiated by exposure to infectious agents – such as bacterial or viral infections. Similar to the human papillomavirus, the BK virus was detected in clinical specimens. It seems that HPV and BKV infections can contribute to the neoplastic process, which requires detailed studies on a larger group of patients

Optical Fiber Grating-Prism Fabrication by Imprint Patterning of Ionic-Liquid-Based Resist

We present a method of microstructure fabrication on the tip of the optical fiber using a UV soft-imprint process of polymerizable ionic liquid-based optical resist. Ionic liquid with two UV-sensitive vinylbenzyl groups in the structure was diluted in non-hazardous propylene glycol (PG) to obtain liquid material for imprinting. No additional organic solvent was required. The impact of propylene glycol amount and exposure dose on optical and mechanical properties was investigated. The final procedure of the UV imprint on the optical fiber tip was developed, including the mold preparation, setup building, UV exposure and post-laser cure. As the IL-containing vinylbenzyl groups can also be polymerized by the radical rearrangement of double bonds through thermal heating, the influence of the addition of 1–2% BHT polymerization inhibitor was verified. As a result, we present the fabricated diffraction gratings and the optical fiber spectrometer component—grism (grating-prism), which allows obtaining a dispersion spectrum at the output of an optical in line with the optical fiber long axis, as the main component in an optical fiber spectrometer. The process is very simple due to the fact that its optimization already starts in the process of molecule design, which is part of the trend of sustainable technologies. The final material can be designed by the tailoring of the anion and/or cation molecule, which in turn can lead to a more efficient fabrication procedure and additional functionalities of the final structure

Antiglioma Potential of Coumarins Combined with Sorafenib

Coumarins, which occur naturally in the plant kingdom, are diverse class of secondary metabolites. With their antiproliferative, chemopreventive and antiangiogenetic properties, they can be used in the treatment of cancer. Their therapeutic potential depends on the type and location of the attachment of substituents to the ring. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of simple coumarins (osthole, umbelliferone, esculin, and 4-hydroxycoumarin) combined with sorafenib (specific inhibitor of Raf (Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) kinase) in programmed death induction in human glioblastoma multiforme (T98G) and anaplastic astrocytoma (MOGGCCM) cells lines. Osthole and umbelliferone were isolated from fruits: Mutellina purpurea L. and Heracleum leskowii L., respectively, while esculin and 4-hydroxycoumarin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis were identified microscopically after straining with specific fluorochromes. The level of caspase 3, Beclin 1, PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and Raf kinases were estimated by immunoblotting. Transfection with specific siRNA (small interfering RNA) was used to block Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), Raf, and PI3K expression. Cell migration was tested with the wound healing assay. The present study has shown that all the coumarins eliminated the MOGGCCM and T98G tumor cells mainly via apoptosis and, to a lesser extent, via autophagy. Osthole, which has an isoprenyl moiety, was shown to be the most effective compound. Sorafenib did not change the proapoptotic activity of this coumarin; however, it reduced the level of autophagy. At the molecular level, the induction of apoptosis was associated with a decrease in the expression of PI3K and Raf kinases, whereas an increase in the level of Beclin 1 was observed in the case of autophagy. Inhibition of the expression of this protein by specific siRNA eliminated autophagy. Moreover, the blocking of the expression of Bcl-2 and PI3K significantly increased the level of apoptosis. Osthole and sorafenib successfully inhibited the migration of the MOGGCCM and T98G cells