Integration of the End Cap TEC+ of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

The silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment has been completed and inserted into the CMS detector in late 2007. The largest sub-system of the tracker is its end cap system, comprising two large end caps (TEC) each containing 3200 silicon strip modules. To ease construction, the end caps feature a modular design: groups of about 20 silicon modules are placed on sub-assemblies called petals and these self-contained elements are then mounted into the TEC support structures. Each end cap consists of 144 petals, and the insertion of these petals into the end cap structure is referred to as TEC integration. The two end caps were integrated independently in Aachen (TEC+) and at CERN (TEC--). This note deals with the integration of TEC+, describing procedures for end cap integration and for quality control during testing of integrated sections of the end cap and presenting results from the testing

Reception Test of Petals for the End Cap TEC+ of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

The silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment has been completed and was inserted into the CMS detector in late 2007. The largest sub system of the tracker are its end caps, comprising two large end caps (TEC) each containing 3200 silicon strip modules. To ease construction, the end caps feature a modular design: groups of about 20 silicon modules are placed on sub-assemblies called petals and these self-contained elements are then mounted onto the TEC support structures. Each end cap consists of 144 such petals, which were built and fully qualified by several institutes across Europe. Fro

Construction and Calibration of the Laser Alignment System for the CMS Tracker

The CMS detector (Compact Muon Solenoid) is under construction at one of the four proton-proton interaction points of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (Geneva, Switzerland). The inner tracking system of the CMS experiment consisting of silicon detectors will have a diameter of 2.4 m and a length of 5.4 m representing the largest silicon tracker ever. About 15000 silicon strip modules create an active silicon area of 200 m2 to detect charged particles from proton collisions. They are placed on a rigid carbon fibre structure, providing stability within the working conditions of a 4 T solenoid magnetic field at −10oC. Knowledge of the position of the silicon detectors at the level of 100 μm is needed for an efficient pattern recognition of charged particle tracks. Metrology methods are used to survey tracker subdetectors and the integrated Laser Alignment System (LAS) provides absolute positioning of support structure elements to better than 100 μm. Relative movements of the components are resolved and monitored at the 10 μm scale. A robust and reliable optical system able to measure and control the large CMS tracker geometry with high accuracy has been developed and validated. The design and construction of such a system, fully integrated in the silicon tracker, avoiding external reference structures in order to have minimal impact on the tracker layout and consisting of radiation hard and non-magnetic components represents a new scientific challenge. The construction and integration of the LAS fulfilling the requirements, as well as its calibration and performance are described in this thesis. The working principle is based on the partial transparency of silicon for light wavelengths in the near infrared region. The absorbed part of the laser beam generates a signal in the corresponding silicon strip module serving to reconstruct its position. The transmitted part reaches the subsequent module layer generating an optical link between the two layers. Investigation of the light generation and distribution led to a definition of the optical components and their optimization for Laser Alignment purposes. Laser diodes have been qualified as light sources and singlemode optical fibres, terminated by special connectors, distribute the light to the CMS tracker detector. The beamsplitting device, a key component of the LAS light distribution inside the CMS tracker, has been studied in detail. The challenge of splitting one collimated beam into two back-to-back beams inside a small available volume has been solved by using the polarization principle. Special test setups were developed to determine the collinearity of the two outgoing beams with a precision better than 50 μrad and it has been shown that their relative orientation remains constant under working conditions. The interface between the tracker and the LAS is given by the silicon sensors which are responsible both for particle detection and for the determination of the position of the laser spot. An anti-reflex-coating has been applied on the backside of all alignment sensors to improve their optical properties without deterioration of their tracking performance. A test setup has been developed to simultaneously study the transmission and reflection properties of the alignment sensors. The results are in good agreement with calculations and confirm the high optical quality of the sensors. The working principle of the optical alignment has been verified and the resolution of the laser spot was measured in a test setup with alignment modules arranged according to the CMS tracker endcap (TEC) geometry. For almost all laser spot positions in the TEC, relative module movements at the level of 10 μm were reconstructed. In addition, it has been shown that refraction effects are negligible. Data from Laser Alignment in one TEC sector has been compared with TEC survey measurements. The reconstruction precision of better than 100 μm obtained by two laser beams was independently confirmed by the metrology data, thus validating the performance of the optical alignment. The stringent requirements imposed on the implementation and performance of the Laser Alignment System necessitated the solution of a variety of problems and led to the accumulation of considerable experience in the alignment of particle tracking detectors by optical means

Construction and calibration of the laser alignment system for the CMS tracker

The CMS detector (Compact Muon Solenoid) is under construction at one of the four proton-proton interaction points of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (Geneva, Switzerland). The inner tracking system of the CMS experiment consisting of silicon detectors will have a diameter of 2.4 meter and a length of 5.4 meter representing the largest silicon tracker ever. About 15000 silicon strip modules create an active silicon area of 200 square meter to detect charged particles from proton collisions. They are placed on a rigid carbon fibre structure, providing stability within the working conditions of a 4 Tesla solenoid magnetic field at minus 10 degrees. Knowledge of the position of the silicon detectors at the level of 100 micrometer is needed for an efficient pattern recognition of charged particle tracks. Metrology methods are used to survey tracker subdetectors and the integrated Laser Alignment System (LAS) provides absolute positioning of support structure elements to better than 100 micrometer. Relative movements of the components are resolved and monitored at the 10 micrometer scale. A robust and reliable optical system able to measure and control the large CMS tracker geometry with high accuracy has been developed and validated. The design and construction of such a system, fully integrated in the silicon tracker, avoiding external reference structures in order to have minimal impact on the tracker layout and consisting of radiation hard and non-magnetic components represents a new scientific challenge. The construction and integration of the LAS fulfilling the requirements, as well as its calibration and performance are described in this thesis. The working principle is based on the partial transparency of silicon for light wavelengths in the near infrared region. The absorbed part of the laser beam generates a signal in the corresponding silicon strip module serving to reconstruct its position. The transmitted part reaches the subsequent module layer generating an optical link between the two layers. Investigation of the light generation and distribution led to a definition of the optical components and their optimization for Laser Alignment purposes. Laser diodes have been qualified as light sources and singlemode optical fibres, terminated by special connectors, distribute the light to the CMS tracker detector. The beamsplitting device, a key component of the LAS light distribution inside the CMS tracker, has been studied in detail. The challenge of splitting one collimated beam into two back-to-back beams inside a small available volume has been solved by using the polarization principle. Special test setups were developed to determine the collinearity of the two outgoing beams with a precision better than 50 microradian and it has been shown that their relative orientation remains constant under working conditions. The interface between the tracker and the LAS is given by the silicon sensors which are responsible both for particle detection and for the determination of the position of the laser spot. An anti-reflex-coating has been applied on the backside of all alignment sensors to improve their optical properties without deterioration of their tracking performance. A test setup has been developed to simultaneously study the transmission and reflection properties of the alignment sensors. The results are in good agreement with calculations and confirm the high optical quality of the sensors. The working principle of the optical alignment has been verified and the resolution of the laser spot was measured in a test setup with alignment modules arranged according to the CMS tracker endcap (TEC) geometry. For almost all laser spot positions in the TEC, relative module movements at the level of 10 micrometer were reconstructed. In addition, it has been shown that refraction effects are negligible. Data from Laser Alignment in one TEC sector has been compared with TEC survey measurements. The reconstruction precision of better than 100 micrometer obtained by two laser beams was independently confirmed by the metrology data, thus validating the performance of the optical alignment. The stringent requirements imposed on the implementation and performance of the Laser Alignment System necessitated the solution of a variety of problems and led to the accumulation of considerable experience in the alignment of particle tracking detectors by optical means

Construction and calibration of the laser alignment system for the CMS tracker

The CMS detector (Compact Muon Solenoid) is under construction at one of the four proton-proton interaction points of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (Geneva, Switzerland). The inner tracking system of the CMS experiment consisting of silicon detectors will have a diameter of 2.4 meter and a length of 5.4 meter representing the largest silicon tracker ever. About 15000 silicon strip modules create an active silicon area of 200 square meter to detect charged particles from proton collisions. They are placed on a rigid carbon fibre structure, providing stability within the working conditions of a 4 Tesla solenoid magnetic field at minus 10 degrees. Knowledge of the position of the silicon detectors at the level of 100 micrometer is needed for an efficient pattern recognition of charged particle tracks. Metrology methods are used to survey tracker subdetectors and the integrated Laser Alignment System (LAS) provides absolute positioning of support structure elements to better than 100 micrometer. Relative movements of the components are resolved and monitored at the 10 micrometer scale. A robust and reliable optical system able to measure and control the large CMS tracker geometry with high accuracy has been developed and validated. The design and construction of such a system, fully integrated in the silicon tracker, avoiding external reference structures in order to have minimal impact on the tracker layout and consisting of radiation hard and non-magnetic components represents a new scientific challenge. The construction and integration of the LAS fulfilling the requirements, as well as its calibration and performance are described in this thesis. The working principle is based on the partial transparency of silicon for light wavelengths in the near infrared region. The absorbed part of the laser beam generates a signal in the corresponding silicon strip module serving to reconstruct its position. The transmitted part reaches the subsequent module layer generating an optical link between the two layers. Investigation of the light generation and distribution led to a definition of the optical components and their optimization for Laser Alignment purposes. Laser diodes have been qualified as light sources and singlemode optical fibres, terminated by special connectors, distribute the light to the CMS tracker detector. The beamsplitting device, a key component of the LAS light distribution inside the CMS tracker, has been studied in detail. The challenge of splitting one collimated beam into two back-to-back beams inside a small available volume has been solved by using the polarization principle. Special test setups were developed to determine the collinearity of the two outgoing beams with a precision better than 50 microradian and it has been shown that their relative orientation remains constant under working conditions. The interface between the tracker and the LAS is given by the silicon sensors which are responsible both for particle detection and for the determination of the position of the laser spot. An anti-reflex-coating has been applied on the backside of all alignment sensors to improve their optical properties without deterioration of their tracking performance. A test setup has been developed to simultaneously study the transmission and reflection properties of the alignment sensors. The results are in good agreement with calculations and confirm the high optical quality of the sensors. The working principle of the optical alignment has been verified and the resolution of the laser spot was measured in a test setup with alignment modules arranged according to the CMS tracker endcap (TEC) geometry. For almost all laser spot positions in the TEC, relative module movements at the level of 10 micrometer were reconstructed. In addition, it has been shown that refraction effects are negligible. Data from Laser Alignment in one TEC sector has been compared with TEC survey measurements. The reconstruction precision of better than 100 micrometer obtained by two laser beams was independently confirmed by the metrology data, thus validating the performance of the optical alignment. The stringent requirements imposed on the implementation and performance of the Laser Alignment System necessitated the solution of a variety of problems and led to the accumulation of considerable experience in the alignment of particle tracking detectors by optical means

Petal Integration for the CMS Tracker End Caps

This note describes the assembly and testing of the 292 petals built for the CMS Tracker End Caps from the beginning of 2005 until the summer of 2006. Due to the large number of petals to be assembled and the need to reach a throughput of 10 to 15 petals per week, a distributed integration approach was chosen. This integration was carried out by the following institutes: I. and III. Physikalisches Institut - RWTH Aachen University; IIHE, ULB \& VUB Universities, Brussels; Hamburg University; IEKP, Karlsruhe University; FYNU, Louvain University; IPN, Lyon University; and IPHC, Strasbourg University. Despite the large number of petals which needed to be reworked to cope with a late-discovered module issue, the quality of the petals is excellent with less than 0.2\% bad channels