Políticas macroeconómicas y pobreza en el Perú

The effects of macroeconomic policy on poverty in Peru are analyzed in this study. The period of analysis corresponds to 1985/1996. In this period, two very different policies were applied, President Garcias’ populism and President Fujimori’s liberal reforms. Estimates on poverty are based on a careful revision of the data base of a national survey of households for 1985, 1994, and 1996. The evolution of social indicators is also shown. The results indicate that neither the poverty situation nor the mechanisms that reproduce it has been changed with the liberal policies.

A Review Of Income Distribution In Latin America Or Traversing The Social Pyramid

The study of the distribution of income summarizes a nation\u27s social organization and the outcome of the forces of social change. The measure ment of income distribution itself is a type of social score-card which enumerates the resolution of claims by competing groups for the economy\u27s output. As an Indication of social justice, the income distribution measures as well the extent to which different groups share in a nation\u27s economic progress..

Viewing Social Pyramids: Income Distribution In Latin America

The study of the distribution of income summarizes a nation\u27s social organization and the outcome of the forces of social change. The measurement of income distribution itself is a type of social score-card which enumerates the resolution of claims by competing groups for the economy\u27s output. As an indication of social justice, the income distribution measures as well the extent to which different groups share in a nation\u27s economic progress

RUSHMAPS: Real-Time Uploadable Spherical Harmonic Moment Analysis for Particle Spectrometers

RUSHMAPS is a new onboard data reduction scheme that gives real-time access to key science parameters (e.g. moments) of a class of heliophysics science and/or solar system exploration investigation that includes plasma particle spectrometers (PPS), but requires moments reporting (density, bulk-velocity, temperature, pressure, etc.) of higher-level quality, and tolerates a lowpass (variable quality) spectral representation of the corresponding particle velocity distributions, such that telemetry use is minimized. The proposed methodology trades access to the full-resolution velocity distribution data, saving on telemetry, for real-time access to both the moments and an adjustable-quality (increasing quality increases volume) spectral representation of distribution functions. Traditional onboard data storage and downlink bandwidth constraints severely limit PPS system functionality and drive cost, which, as a consequence, drives a limited data collection and lower angular energy and time resolution. This prototypical system exploit, using high-performance processing technology at GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center), uses a SpaceCube and/or Maestro-type platform for processing. These processing platforms are currently being used on the International Space Station as a technology demonstration, and work is currently ongoing in a new onboard computation system for the Earth Science missions, but they have never been implemented in heliospheric science or solar system exploration missions. Preliminary analysis confirms that the targeted processor platforms possess the processing resources required for realtime application of these algorithms to the spectrometer data. SpaceCube platforms demonstrate that the target architecture possesses the sort of compact, low-mass/power, radiation-tolerant characteristics needed for flight. These high-performing hybrid systems embed unprecedented amounts of onboard processing power in the CPU (central processing unit), FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays), and DSP (digital signal processing) elements. The fundamental computational algorithm de constructs 3D velocity distributions in terms of spherical harmonic spectral coefficients (which are analogous to a Fourier sine-cosine decomposition), but uses instead spherical harmonics Legendre polynomial orthogonal functions as a basis for the expansion, portraying each 2D angular distribution at every energy or, geometrically, spherical speed-shell swept by the particle spectrometer. Optionally, these spherical harmonic spectral coefficients may be telemetered to the ground. These will provide a smoothed description of the velocity distribution function whose quality will depend on the number of coefficients determined. Successfully implemented on the GSFC-developed processor, the capability to integrate the proposed methodology with both heritage and anticipated future plasma particle spectrometer designs is demonstrated (with sufficiently detailed design analysis to advance TRL) to show specific science relevancy with future HSD (Heliophysics Science Division) solar-interplanetary, planetary missions, sounding rockets and/or CubeSat missions