Comparison of Micro-Leakage around Temporary Restorative Materials Placed in Complex Endodontic Access Cavities: An In-Vitro Study

Objective: To compare mean micro-leakage around 3 types of temporary restorative materials in-vitro, when placed adjacent to permanent restorations (amalgam) in complex endodontic access cavities.STUDY Design: Randomized controlled trial.PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Dental Clinics, Dental Laboratory and Research Laboratory at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January to June 2014.METHODOLOGY: After random allocation of 60 teeth into 3 experimental groups, each group had conventional class II cavities prepared and amalgam placed. After 14 days, endodontic access cavities were made in these teeth, followed by placement of Cavit, IRM and CLIP(depth of 4 mm each). After thermo-cycling and immersion in 0.5% methylene blue dye, the teeth were sectioned mesio-distally and observed under stereoscopic microscope (magnification x4) along 2 interfaces \u27a\u27 and \u27b\u27 (tooth-temporary restoration and temporary restoration-primary restoration), respectively. Depth of dye penetration was measured in millimeters.Results: IRM was leakiest at interface \u27a\u27, cavit had highest dye penetration at interface \u27b\u27, while CLIP exhibited least micro-leakage at \u27a\u27 and \u27b\u27. The mean dye penetration for Cavit was 0.80 ± 0.23 mm at \u27a\u27, and 2.24 ± 0.48 mm at \u27b\u27. For IRM, it was 1.82 ± 0.09 mm at \u27a\u27, and 0.44 ± 0.13 mm at \u27b\u27. For CLIP, the mean dye penetration was 0.43 ± 0.05 mm at \u27a\u27, and 0.32 ± 0.12 mm at \u27b\u27. The difference in dye penetration observed between the 3 groups at both interfaces was statistically significant.CONCLUSION: In a complex access cavity made adjacent to a pre-existing amalgam restoration, CLIP exhibits the least micro-leakage, followed by IRM and Cavit

Conservative management of invasive cervical resorption: a case Report

Abstract Invasive cervical resorption is a condition that affects the root surface area below the epithelial attachment. Multiple treatment modalities are advocated, involving exposure of the invasive defect, removal of the granulation tissue and sealing with various restorative materials. This report demonstrates conservative treatment of a patient presenting with peri-apical periodontitis in upper right central and lateral incisors, along with Class II invasive resorption defect cervically on the mesial aspect of the central incisor, as a result of trauma. As the patient was not willing for any surgical intervention, only ortho-grade root canal treatment was carried out in both teeth, with Calcium hydroxide as intra-canal medicament. At three year follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic demonstrating radiographic evidence of infilling of defect with bone-like tissue. Within the limitations of this report, it was seen that this conservative method for halting the progression of invasive cervical resorption could be under taken in patients who are un-willing for surgical intervention or in whom surgery is contra-indicate

Determinant of Inflation in Pakistan: An Econometrics Analysis, Using Johansen Co Integration Approach

The main object behind the study is to explore the long run and short run dynamics of inflation in case of Pakistan. For this purpose study used annual data 1971 to 2012. Johansen co integration approach is used to check long run equilibrium while ECM (Error Correction Model) is used to check short run dynamics. The result highlighted GDP, M2, energy crises, import and current government expenditure, output gap and adaptive expectation create inflation while development expenditure negatively corrected with inflation. The study concluded that in Pakistan demand side and supply side inflation persist. Key Word: Inflation, Long run and Short ru

Results of Endoscopic Septostomy in Isolated Lateral Ventricular Hydrocephalus

Objective:  To determine the success of endoscopic septostomy in the management of isolated lateral ventricular hydrocephalus. Material and Methods:  A retrospective analysis of data was done and records of all patients who underwent endoscopic septostomy for isolated lateral ventricular hydrocephalus due to any cause for the last 4 years, December 2017 to December 2021 at Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore. Radiological and clinical outcomes and complications were recorded. A total of 60 cases were reviewed. Results:  Out of 60 patients, 95% were in the age group of 3 – 25 years and 5% were in the age group of 26 – 71 years. There was 54% male whereas 46% were female. Septostomy was successful in relieving hydrocephalus in 75% of cases. Conclusion:  Endoscopic septostomy is an effective procedure for the management of isolated lateral ventricles. Keywords:  Septostomy, Hydrocephalus, Isolated Lateral Ventricles

Bibliometric study on the literature related to dental research and education published in Journal of Pakistan Medical Association

Objective: To analyse characteristics of literature related to dental research and education published in a single medical journal, The Journal of Pakistan Medical Association.Method: The bibliometric study was conducted at the Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University from March till May 2020, and comprised electronic and hand search of scientific literature relevant to dentistry published in the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association from the first issue published in 1953 till March 2020. The selected articles were analysed for year of publication, field of study, type of article, institute and country of first author, number of authors and citation count. Keyword mapping was also carried out. Data was analysed using SPSS 19.Results: Of the 159 articles identified, 117(73.6%) were contributed from Pakistan. The most common specialties were Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Epidemiology with 20(12.6%) articles each, followed by Operative Dentistry and Endodontics 19(11.9%). Majority of articles were Original / Research 87(54.7%). The highest number of articles were published in 2019 26(16.35%). The Aga Khan University, contributed the most publications 30(18.9%), followed by Dow University of Health Sciences, 11(6.9%). Majority of the articles were contributed by three authors 48(38.4%). The top cited article was found to have 113 citations, followed by articles with 103 and 91 citations.Conclusions: The contribution of scientific papers related to dentistry and dental education in the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association was significant. With growth of dentistry as a discipline along with a parallel increase in the publication of dental research papers, it is imperative that a dedicated indexed journal for dental research be commenced

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Coastal Region a Case Study of Qayyumabad, Karachi, Pakistan

The aim of present study is to assess groundwater quality of Qayyumabad area for drinking purpose. Groundwater samples (n = 20) were collected from wellbores from variable depths (12-300 feet) occurring on both banks of the Malir River near study area. Water quality was assessed through estimation of physical parameters including, pH, Eh, TDS, EC, hardness, temperature, aesthetic character (taste, color and odor) and chemical parameters including major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), anions (Cl, NO₃, SO₄, HCO₃) and minor/trace elements (Fe, As). Data revealed that groundwater of study area has very high TDS content (range: 805-40340 mg/l) and positive Eh (-180 to +125 mV), suggesting the recent recharge. The pH varies in the range of 6.55-7.75 which comply with WHO limit (6.5-8.5) for drinking water. Major solutes varied in the order of Na (mean: 2587 mg/l) > Mg (433mg/l) > Ca (231mg/l) > K (91 mg/l) while anions in the order of Cl (mean: 3385 mg/l) > SO₄ (mean: 580 mg/l) > HCO₃ (mean: 343 mg/l) > NO₃ (11.43 mg/l). Both arsenic and iron contents occur within the WHO permissible limits except two samples which showed elevated Fe (4950 ppb) and As (100 ppb) respectively. These results suggest that groundwater in study area is unfit for drinking purpose. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained four factors where F1 suggests the salts leaching mechanism and F2 indicated anoxia prevalence due to organic matter decomposition. On the other hand, F3 confirmed water rock interaction and F4 supported the prevalence arsenic release associated with anoxia

Determination of toxic metals in water of lahor canal by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Present study describes the atomic absorption spectro-photometric determination of metals (Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe, As and Cu) in the surface water of Lahore canal passing through the center of Lahore (city) Pakistan. Analysis showed that month wise average Ni, Zn and As concentrations lies within the National Environmental Quality Standards limits for these metals as designed by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan, while Cr, Fe and Cu showed marked rise in their month wise average concentrations from their limiting values

Cognitive Learning Theory and Development: Higher Education Case Study

Cognitive skills facilitate thinking, reading, and learning, as well as retaining information, reasoning, and responding. Theories of cognitive development attempt to explain how humans develop and change from infancy to old age. Cognitive control suppresses inappropriate habitual actions simultaneously by choosing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to meet task demands. This chapter is a compilation of major theories on cognitive development, both earlier and contemporary. A longitudinal study was conducted at Mazoon College, Sultanate of Oman. Six different sections of the authors’ own classes were chosen as subjects of study to include 176 students (mixed ability learners) who were taking preparatory English language courses for bachelor’s degrees. Over three semesters, 14 months of data were collected. During reading and writing exercises, learners were required to abstract, think, hypothesize, and draw conclusions. Experimental and control groups were compared in this study. The results of the research found that it is beneficial for learners to take courses that link to their cognitive abilities, as this will help them to develop more positively. Study results confirm that studying provides opportunities to develop new skills and broaden one’s knowledge base. Student thoughts on learning and achievement are evoked by English as a second language