Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan

Water shortages in Pakistan are among the most severe in the world, and its water resources are decreasing significantly due to the prevailing hydro-meteorological conditions. We assessed variations in meteorological and hydrological variables using innovative trend analysis (ITA) and traditional trend analysis methods at a practical significance level, which is also of practical interest. We developed threshold levels of hydrological variables and developed a non-parametric climate-sensitivity model of the high-altitude catchment of the western Himalayas. The runoff of Zone I decreased, while the temperature increased and the precipitation increased significantly. In Zone II, the runoff and temperature increased but the precipitation decreased. A two-dimensional visualization of the Pardé coefficient showed extreme drought events, and indicated greater sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature than to precipitation. The threshold levels of runoff for Zones I and II were 320 and 363 mm using the Q80 fixed method, while the mean runoff amounts were estimated to be 79.95 and 55.61 mm, respectively. The transient threshold levels varied by month, and the duration of droughts in Zones I and II ranged from 26.39 to 78.98 days. The sensitivity of the hydrological regime was estimated based on a modified climate-elasticity model (εp = 0.11–0.23, εt = −0.04–2.39) for Zones I and II, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature, which influences the melting process. However, it is important to establish thresholds for hydrological variables and understand the climate sensitivity of the hydrological regime of the entire basin, so that policy makers and water managers can make sustainable water-resource-management decisions for this region

Antecedents of job satisfaction: A study of telecom sector

This study is based on the assumption that “a happy worker is a productive workerâ€. The research was conducted to identify the significance of those factors that lead towards job satisfaction and commitment of employees working in the telecom sector of Pakistan. The associations among pay and benefits, performance appraisal system, career development and management, supervision and collegiality and open communication (independent variables) were investigated with job satisfaction (dependent variable). The relationship between job satisfaction (dependent variable) and job commitment (outcome) was also hypothesized. Through questionnaire survey responses from 221 employees working at managerial and non-managerial positions were collected, which showed the significant association of supervision and collegiality and open communication on job satisfaction. Furthermore, job satisfaction was also found highly correlated and dependent upon job commitment. Managerial implications and conclusions are presented based upon these results.Labor and Human Capital,

Does Corruption Increase Financial Development? A Time Series Analysis in Pakistan

The aim of present paper is to investigate the effect of corruption on financial development in Pakistan by using ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. The direction of causal relationship between the variables is examined by using VECM granger causality approach. Our empirical findings indicate that corruption promotes financial development. Causality analysis reveals that corruption and financial development are complementary.Financial Development, Corruption, Cointegration

Optimalisasi Produksi Kedelai Varietas Anjasmoro Dengan Manipulasi Arah Baris Dan Gulma

Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang tediri dari dua faktor. Faktor pertama manipulasi arah baris tanaman : utara-selatan, timur laut-barat daya, timur-barat, tenggara-barat laut. Faktor ke dua waktu penyiangan gulma : penyiangan terus menerus, 14 hari setelah tanam, 28 hari setelah tanam, (14 dan 28) hari setelah tanam. Enam belas kombinasi perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan manipulasi arah baris tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap seluruh parameter pengamatan. Pada pengamatan hari ke 28 dan hari ke 42 setelah tanam tinggi tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan penyiangan gulma terus menerus dan penyiangan gulma (14 dan 28) hari setelah tanam. Umur berbunga dan panen tercepat tanaman kedelai terdapat pada perlakuan penyiangan gulma 14 hari setelah tanam. Berat biji per tanaman dan jumlah polong bernas per tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan penyiangan gulma terus menerus dan penyiangan gulma (14 dan 28) hari setelah tanam

Militancy Impact on Primary Education in Union Council Charbagh District Swat-Pakistan

The study was carried out in district Swat in May, 2012. The major objectives of the study were to examine the impact of militancy on primary education in the study area. Purposively union council Charbagh was selected in district Swat on the basis of sever causalities which consists of 25 schools, 80% govt. and 20% private schools. Through questionnaire the head masters of the schools were interviewed and data were collected from sampled respondents. Descriptive statistics were used for analyses. According to results 68% schools were found scratched while 32% found safe. Sixty eight percent schools were recorded closed for more than 12 months, while 32% for 9-12 months. After restoring the peace different temporary schools, such as, shelters, rented schools, community and Madrassa schools were settled for education while some problems were recorded  such as distance, harsh weather, congested settings and lack of furniture etc. In some schools the strength were found less than before while in some found more. Majority children and teachers were found absent due to terror from schools because of this in time the syllabus of course was not completed.  Seventy seven percent destroyed schools were reconstructed and repaired while 23% school building were left due to lack of fund  Few recommendations were suggested for  future policy implications. Compromise between militant and Government of Pakistan is requested for peace restoration in the study area. Tight security and honest staff for security purpose should be deployed in the study area. Sufficient funding is required for reconstruction of damaged schools in the study area. Loan should be provided to whole community on free interest basis. Check and balance should be imposed on surrounding boundaries to stop foreign terrorists’ entrance in to the country. Keywords: Impact, Militancy,Primary Education, Union Council Charbag